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- 1what is LAN?Covers a restricted area such as office or building. uses cabling and wireless technology.
- 2What is MAN?Covers a highly populated area. serves a community. uses fibre optic and wireless technology.
- 3What is WAN?Covers a large geographical area. a country or countries. uses fibre optic, public telephone system, communication satellites, undersea cables.
- 4What is a Network card?Connects a computer to a computer network typically a LAN so that it can exchange data with the network.
- 5What is a Sever?Manages network resources such as storage, files, hardware devices, peripherals, printer, communications and email.
- 6What is a Switched hub?Act as a connection point for a number of nodes. checks the destination using IP address packets and forwards them to the intended recipient.
- 7What is a Repeater?Regenerates data transmission signals that have been attenuated.
- 8What is a Wireless access point [WAP]?A device that allows a Wi-Fi enabled device to connect to a network usually by connecting to a router. Wi-Fi hotspots use a WAP to support their Wi-Fi coverage area.
- 9What is a Media converter?A device that allow 2 dissimilar media types or protocols to connect with each other. e.g. connecting a fibre optic cable and a copper cable.
- 10What is a IP address?A unique address identifying a device on a network allowing information to be sent between devices on the network.
- 11What is a MAC address?To identify a computer's network interface card (NIC) and its unique on a LAN.
- 12Explain the difference between the way IP address and MAC address used on network?IP is set by the ISP. It is linked to the physical location of the device. This will change and update with the location of the device . Each device has a permanent/ fixed MAC address set by the manufacture and embedded on the network card. IP uses 32 bits and MAC uses 48 bits.
- 13What is peer-to-peer?All computers have equal status. Each is a supplier and consumer of resources. Each computer controls how its resources are shared.
- 14What is server-based network?The server manages resources and security. multiple client and dumb terminal request resources of the server.
- 15What is Bus network?A main cable or backbone to which all nodes are connected. Terminator are positioned at both ends. A node sends a data packet to another node by placing it on the back.
- 16What is Star Network?A central or dedicated host or fileserver or hub. Each node is directly connected to the hub by its own cable. The fileserver controls all network communication. The fileserver controls the transfer of data packets.
- 17What is Bus network data security?less secure. there's no central control of security. All nodes have access to the backbone/all nodes could access the data packet. Data packets travel in both direction.
- 18What is Star network data security?More secure. Data packets are sent to and from the fileserver from or to the node directly via a dedicated connection. The fileserver controls all security. Only the intended recipient receives the data packets.
- 19What is a Ring Network ?Each node is connected to 2 other adjacent nodes. The node is procession of the token can transmit data. The token is passed from node to node. Data travels in one direction only - no collision risk.
- 20Ring network - adding a new node?Adding a new node is relatively complicated. An existing cable has to be served and the new node inserted.
- 21Star network - adding a new node?Adding a new node is straightforward.
The new node is simply connected to the hub provided there is a spare port. - 22Star network - cable failure ?Only communication with the node connected by the cable will be affected.
- 23Ring network - cable failure ?A broken cable will stop all communication around the network. It may be possible to isolate the faulty node.
- 24What is the need for communication protocols?A standard set of rules used to ensure that different network devices, possibly using different technologies, can send and receive data properly.
- 25What is a Presentation layer?Interacts with the Application/session layers. Converts information to the correct video/audio format. Implements encryption. compresses/decompresses information.
- 26What is a Session layer?Interacts with the presentation layer and the transport layer. Open a temporary 'channel' to allow for communication.
- 27What is a Data link layer?Deals with functions such as error detection and error correction, creating data blocks and synchronising data blocks. It converts each outgoing packets into a series of bits into data packets. interacts with the network/ physical layer.
- 28What is an Application layer?Presents information, data, resources to the end user. Deals with function such as data transfer messaging, distributed databases, operating system functions the end-user interface. interacts with the presentation layer.
- 29What is a Physical Layer?Coverts bits and bytes, packets of data, into a physical signal such as pulses of light or electrical voltage. Interacts with the data link layer.
- 30what is a Transport layer?shares information with the Session layer above it and the Network layer. Divide the information into convenient
sized packet, then be sent on different routes to their destination. Arrive in a different order.then reassembled at the destination point. Checks for errors - 31What is Network layer?Shares information with Transport layer above it and the Data Link layer beneath it. Network layer is the “traffic policeman” which works out the best route for the package for use.Every packet that the Transport layer has created needs to be sent to the correct machine across the network. computer has a unique address add the correct address to each packet. It also reads the addresses of incoming packets to a computer and if they
are destined for that computer then it allows them through. Packets not addressed are blocked. - 32What is Artificial intelligence?The study of machines to model the types of intelligence or creativity normally exhibited by people
- 33what is the purpose of the Turning Test?To determine if a machine's behaviour is indistinguishable from human's response.
- 34How is the Turning test carried out?The test involves a player, human and a machine. The player does not know which is the human and which is the machine. The player asks questions of the human and the machine and tres to discover which is the human.
- 35Neural network modelling and AI?Computational models used in computer science to model a primitive brain. Designed to simulate lots of densely interconnected brain cells to support learning, pattern recognition and the decision making process in the same way a human being would.
- 36Main features of a neural network?consists of a number of artificial neurons called units. Units will be arranged in layers. Input units will receive information from the outside world. A series of hidden unitsattempt to process input from the input units. Output units provide a response from the network representing any information it has learned following the processing of input.Each connection in the neural network is weighted and algorithms are used to calculate the weighted sum of any inputs into a node in order to generate an output value. A neural network does not have to be programed to learn explicitly; it learns by itself, much in the same way a human brain would learn.
- 37How does a neural network learn?Patterns of information flowing into a neural network will enter the network via the input units, triggering layers of hidden units until they arrive at the output units. Not all units fire all the time. Inputs into a unit are multiplied by the weightings of the connections they travelled along. The weighted inputs are added together and if the sum is above a given threshold value that unit will fire
/ trigger the units connected to it. This design is known as a feedforward network. feedback process used to support learning in neural networks is known as backpropagation. During this process the output produced by the neural network is compared to the output it was meant to produce. The difference between the two values is used to modify the connections between the various units in the network. Backpropagation reduces the difference between the actual and intended output, causing learning to occur. - 38What is meant by cloud computing?The use of the internet/server farms by large computing companies to provide services normally provided by a LAN
- 39What is virtualisation?A number of virtual servers each running on a physical server platform
Separates the physical infrastructures to create dedicated resources running multiple OS and applications on the same server - 40What is hosted instance?The virtual server for a particular client with its own allocation of processing and storage
- 41What is hosted solution?any hardware and software made available to a client is reserved for the servicing of that individual client’s needs and no one else. That one client pays for all of the resources made available to them regardless of whether they are used or not.
- 42What is clustering?Groups of dedicated hardware will be hosted at each data centre and used to provide specialised services and processes for clients.
- 43Email?Web based email services allow users to access their email from the cloud using any browser or hardware platform
Emails sent and received via the client's account are stored on the service provider's server rather than being stored on the user's own computer - 44Backup?Clients can store their data on the internet using a storage service provider rather than storing data locally on a physical hard drive or other device. Data can be stored to the cloud on a scheduled basis or cloud syncing can be used to ensure files will automatically be backed up any time changes are made to them
- 45Virtualised software?many applications are now available to users via the web. Users are able to access application hosting and not having to give consideration to the storage space taken up on their own personal devices. Software is accessible without the need to consider installation and updates are immediately made available to the user.
- 46Data storage?Data is saved on an off-site storage system in a remote database provided by a third party and accessed via the Internet instead of on the users’ storage
- 47Remotely hosted applications?Clients can access their business applications as an instance on a virtual desktop which supports multiple concurrent access by the client’s
employees. The relevant software and data are stored on a remote server - 48Benefits of cloud computing?• Providers can react more responsively to changes in user requirements
• Collaboration using a wide range of devices from a wide range of locations can be supported
• Updates can be readily made available to all users
• Increased security and system reliability as the supplier only needs to maintain one system
• All users are accessing one software system
so cross-compatibility issues are no longer a concern.
• Reduced costs as the client does not have
to consider the expense of purchasing and configuring hardware and software to help them meet their business needs.
• Increased flexibility in work arrangements. Most cloud computing services are provided on demand so even vast changes in demand for computing resources can be provided for
• Increased reliability - cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive, because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network. - 49Drawbacks of cloud computing?• You trust someone else to look after your data and supporting applications as the service provider takes responsibility for performing all updates, backups, restorations and the management of security.
• Cyber attacks are problematic where large amounts of data are stored by a wide range of users, often on the same cloud system.
• Insider threats can also pose a problem. Employees with access to your cloud data
can often go undetected. By gaining access
to the virtual machine hosting your data they do not only have access to your organisations information but they could potentially destroy the entire cloud environment hosting your data or application.
• Many users remain concerned over loss of confidentiality of data which can legally be accessed by government surveillance programs.
• Legal liability remains an issue for organisations who rely on cloud based services with concerns over who becomes liable after a data breach! - 50What is data mining?The automatic analysis/sorting of large data sets/big data in a data warehouse.
Pattern recognition/algorithms used to identify patterns/correlations and to predict trends/relationships.
Data is combined from multiple sources - 51Shell?This is the software development environment for creating an expert system It contains the components of an expert system such as a knowledge acquisition system/knowledge base/inference engine/user interface
These components can be populated/configured for the particular application - 52Heuristics?Rules of thumb derived from human experience/intuition not purely from logic
Requires judgement/estimation/evaluation - 53Fuzzy logic?Uses probabilities/degrees of truth instead of true & false / 1 & 0 / Boolean logic / formal logic
Decisions can be made with incomplete data/uncertain data Computers can mimic human reasoning
Fuzzy logic is designed to solve problems by making the best possible decision given the input - 54Knowledge engineer>The technical expert who obtains the information/facts/rules/is involved in knowledge acquisition for the knowledge base from subject experts/experienced practitioners in a particular field using structured/unstructured interviews/problem solving/concept maps Structures the knowledge into the database
Validates/verifies the knowledge - 55TCP/IP?TCP/IP dictates how information should be packaged and sent and received The TCP layer handles file transfer between different computers and splits data into packets and allocates an address to each packet
The IP layer is responsible for transferring packets of data from node to node using IP addresses
It verifies the correct delivery of data and detects errors - 56Ethernet?Ethernet is a LAN protocol referred to as the IEEE 802.3 protocol
Ethernet also defines standards for physical plugs and sockets Uses CSMA/CD - 57CSMA/CD?G
- 58Token passing?g
- 59Wi-Fi?g
- 60Bluetooth?Both must be Bluetooth enabled
the computer will display the devices within range which are set to visible
The mobile device will be selected
The device may require pairing/a passcode
A piconet is created - 61VoIP?VoIP allows telephone calls to be made over computer networks
It converts analogue signals into digital data packets
It supports real-time conversations/two-way transmission
It supports call recording/caller ID/voicemail to email - 62RFID?An RFID tag contains data programmed into a small computer chip. The
tag is activated by radio waves emitted from an RFID reader. The tag sends the data stored in its memory back to the reader. The tag can be active or passive. A bar code contains data in a machine-readable code. Numbers and a pattern of parallel lines of varying widths. The data is read by a scanner using red light or a laser.
RFID tags can be read from much further away
Direct line of sight not required
RFID tags can be read in harsh environments
RFID tags are more impervious to damage/dirt
RFID tags can be dynamically updated
The information stored in a barcode is fixed
Bar codes usually require human intervention RFID tags do not
Barcodes must be visible on the outside of the packaging RFID tags can be placed inside the packaging
More data can be stored in an RFID tag than on a barcode
RFID tags have read/write capability
Barcodes are read-only and cannot be reused - 63Bandwidth?Bandwidth is a measure of the capacity of a communication channel It is the range of frequencies available
Bandwidth may be a frequency range e.g. 3 kHz/measured in Hz or a transmission rate, e.g. 64 kbps or line speed e.g. 64k - 64Broadband?Broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission handling multiple signals and traffic types
Refers to high-speed Internet access that is always on
The popular name for Internet connection using DSL/co-axial/fibre Used to describe a bandwidth in excess of 3 kHz/more commonly in excess of 300 MHz - 65Data Protection Act?Personal data should be processed fairly and lawfully with the consent of the data subject.
Personal data should be used for the specified purpose only.
Personal data should be adequate and relevant for its intended purpose.
Personal data should be accurate and up to date.
Personal data should not be kept for longer than necessary.
Personal data should be processed in accordance with the rights of the data subject.
Personal data should be held securely, with no unauthorised access.
Personal data should not be transferred outside the EU. - 66Explain the impact of Data Protection legislation on members of the public?He/she is the data subject in the legislation/It refers to personal data which must be fairly and lawfully processed
processed for limited/specified/lawful purposes adequate, relevant and not excessive accurate/up to date not be kept for longer than is necessary be processed in line with the rights of the data subjects be kept secure not transferred to other countries without adequate protection you have the right to find out what information is stored about you how your data is being used have incorrect data updated/erased object to how your data is processed in certain circumstances - 67A logical data model?f
- 68A physical data model?
- 69—
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Robyn Cosgrove el 22/05/2024.
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- Robyn Cosgrove
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