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Attachment: theories, studies and evaluations
Fichas del conjunto (28)
- 1Meltzoff and Moore (1977)Tongue protrusion
Interactional synchrony
Infants as young as 2/3 imitated specific facial and hand gestures
behavioural response/interactional synchrony is innate - 2Meltzoff and Moore (evaluation)(+ve) Murray and Trevarthen-still face caused acute distress showing that the infant is an active and intentional partner in the relationship
(-ve) problems testing infant behaviour;
face is in constant motion, hard to distinguish between general activity and imitated behaviours
(-ve) failure to replicate - 3Stages of AttachmentSchaffer and Emerson (Glasgow babies)
60 working class infants
studied from 23 weeks to 1 year
(look at quiz) - 4Svhaffer and Emerson (1964) Evaluation(-ve) unreliable data (based on mothers reports-less sensitive to infants cues)
(-ve) biased sample, ecological validity, results may only apply to working class and infant care has changed, now fathers are far more involved
(-ve) Rutter (1995) all attachment figures are equivalent - 5Stages of Attachment1. indiscriminate
2. beginnings of attachment
3. discriminate
4. multiple attachments - 6Animal StudiesLorenz-imprinting in geese
Harlow-rhesus monkeys - 7Lorenz Evaluation(+ve) Guiton-imprinting in other animals, yellow rubber gloves, leghorn chicks imprinted on gloves however (-) Guiton found that imprinting was reversible (contradictory to Lorenz)
- 8Harlow Evaluation(-ve) findings of the study cannot be generalised to people
(-ve) ethical issues
(-ve) confounding variable-monkey heads were different so lacks internal validity - 9Learning Theoryclassical conditioning
operant conditioning
social learning theory - 10Classical ConditioningLearning through association
Neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus and takes on its properties - 11Operant ConditioningLearning through reinforcement
Drive reduction ~~> positive reinforcement (milk is PR so behaviour will be repeated) - 12Learning Theories Evaluation(-ve) Harlow's research showed that attachment was based on contact comfort not food
(-ve) Shaffer and Emerson-it is not always the person who provides the food that the primary attachment forms with (father can become PAF) - 13Bowlby's Theory of AttachmentAdaptive, social releasers, critical period, monotropy, internal working model, continuity hypothesis
- 14Bowlby's Theory of Attachment Evaluation(-ve) critical period-Rutter, sensitive rather than critical, it is possible to form attachments after the age of 3-6 months
(+ve) monotropy-supported by Tronick et al. (Efe tribe) baby formed multiple attachments but had a special bond with its mother or PAF
(-ve) continuity hypothesis-Stroufe et al. found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour - 15Strange SituationMary Ainsworth
Tested an infants response to;
-separation from the caregiver (separation anxiety)
-reunion with caregiver (joy on reunion)
-response to a stranger (stranger anxiety)
-novel environment (secure base) - 16Types of AttachmentInsecure Avoidant - Type A
Secure - Type B
Insecure Resistant - Type C - 17SS evaluation(-ve) other types of attachment (Main and Solomon) type D, insecure disorganised, lack of consistent patterns of social behaviour
(+ve) high reliability-agreement among observers (high inter-observer reliability) Ainsworth found almost perfect agreement among observers (0.94)
(+ve) real world application-circle of security project-helps parents understand their infants, has shown an increase in securely attached infants. Ainsworth's research has been used to improve children's lives. - 18Cultural VariationsVan Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
Meta-analysis of 32 studies
Secure attachment was most common in all countries
insecure-avoidant was the next most common type in all countries except Japan and Israel where resistant was highest
Found that secure attachments were the most common and thus the most healthy for childhood development - 19Cultural Variation Evaluation (Ij and Kroon)(-ve) nation rather than culture-countries have many sub-cultures
(-ve) imposed etic-different cultures show different attachment characteristics and consequently children can be misclassified - 20Cultural DifferencesGrossman and Grossman-German infants tended to be classified as insecurely attached which may be due to different child rearing practises
Takahashi-Japanese infants showed high rates of insecure resistant (acute distress on separation) due to their culture of being completely dependant on their caregiver - 21Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation44 thieves
studied 88 emotionally maladjusted children-half had been caught stealing
some of the thieves were affectionless psychopaths (lacked normal signs of affection, shame and responsibility)
some of those diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced early separations (86%)
Bowlby found that affectionless psychopathy is linked to early separations. - 22Theory of maternal deprivationthe value of maternal care-children need an intimate and continuous relationship with someone (either mother or mother substitute) to ensure healthy emotional and mental development
critical period-separation before the age of 2 and a 1/2 can cause children to become disturbed and if no mother substitute is available the risk can extend to age five - 23maternal deprivation evaluation(+ve) 44 thieves-early separations may cause emotional maladjustment
(-ve) Radke-Yarrow, psychological separation is equally as dangerous as physical. - 24InstitutionalisationRutter and Sonuga-Barke
Romanian orphans
Longitudinal study
Institutionalisation can inhibit physical, social and mental development, however this can be less severe if children have the opportunity to form attachments - 25effects of institutionalisationphysical underdevelopment
intellectual underfunctioning
disinhibited attachment
poor parenting (Harlow) - 26Rutter and Sonuga evaluation(-ve) individual differences-some children are not as strongly affected as others and cope in different ways
(+ve) real life application-importance of early adoption (children are now adopted within the first week of birth)
(+ve) value of longitudinal studies-prevents incorrect conclusions (effects of institutionalisation may disappear over time) - 27influence of early attachmentHazan and Shaver
love quiz
asked questions about current attachment experiences and attachment history (assessed the internal working model)
analysed 620 responses
found a positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences (securely attached people had a more positive outlook on love)
found a relationship between internal working model and attachment type - 28Hazan and shaver evaluation(-ve) research is correlational-temperament of person is a factor (kagan) temperament affects attachment behaviours
(-ve) retrospective classification-memories of the past are not always accurate
(-ve) overly determinist-early experiences do not necessarily affect adult relationships (simpson et al found that an individuals past does not necessarily determine their future relationships)
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Megan Bailey el 01/01/2016.
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