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BMSC335 Lecture 1 Week 1
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- 1Name the four anatomical directions given to the class by Dr Kivell:1. Dorsal.
2. Ventral.
3. Anterior.
4. Lateral. - 2Define the term 'Dorsal':Dorsal: Towards the back
- 3Define the term 'Ventral':Ventral: Towards the front
- 4Define the term 'Anterior':Anterior: Towards the head
- 5Define the term 'Lateral':Lateral: Towards the side
- 6Name the three 'planes' given to the class by Dr Kivell:1. Horizontal Plane (upper and lower)
2. Coronal plane (anterior and posterior)
3. Sagital (left and right) - 7What are the functions of the Brain?- Movement
- Senses (vision/hearing etc)
- Learning and memory
- Emotion and personality
- Homeostasis and hormal control/regulation
- Balance
- Reflexes - 8Does the Cortex ever function alone?No - it always functions in association with lower centres.
- 9Name at least five features of the cortex:- Believed to be the reason Human beings have higher brain function
- Cover the surface of the brain
- Have folds that increase the surface area of the cortex
- Frontal cortex is important to understanding the consequences of your actions
- Last part of the body to develop (finishes around 25) - 10What are the three major components of a Neuron?1. Soma
2. Axon
3. Dendrite - 11What is a Soma?The main body of a neuron
- 12What is an Axon?The extension from the cell body that thanks information away from the cell body
- 13What is a Dendrite?Extensions from the soma that take information to the cell body, the axon and the axon terminal.
- 14What are the features of the fastest neurons?- Large
- Myelinated - 15What are the fastest neurons in the human body?- Motor neurons that control muscles, hair receptors, deep pressure and touch and pricking pain.
- 16What are the slowest neurons in the human body?- Neurons that control crude touch and pressure, aching pain, tickle and cold/warmth sensation.
- 17What is the synapse?Region where two neurons communicate (includes a pre and post synaptic terminal and the synaptic cleft)
- 18Do all synaptic connections stimulate activity?No, some cause inhibition.
- 19What are the 7 steps of Neurotransmitter action?1. NTm synthesised from precursors by enzymes
2. Stored in vesicles
3. NTMs that leak from vesicles are degraded by enzymes
4. AP causes vesicles to fuse with pre-synaptic terminal and releases NTM into synaptic cleft
5. NTM binds to post-synaptic receptor
6. NTM binds to pre-synaptic receptors and inhibits further NTM release
7. Released NTMs are deactivated by either reuptake or degradation. - 20How do SSRI drugs work?Bind to the presynaptic receptor, preventing inhibition of NTM release (serotonin) or reuptake - meaning Serotonin remains in the cleft for longer.
- 21What are the two types of NTM?1. Small molecule
2. Neuropeptide - 22What are the features of a 'small molecule' NTM?- Fast
- Recycled
- Synthesised in cytosol of Presynaptic neuron
- Four classes - 23Give an example of a Small Molecule NTM:- Acetylcholine (Class I)
- Norepinephrine (Class II)
- GABA (Class III)
- Nitric Oxide (Class IV) - 24What are the features of a Neuropeptide NTM?- Slow
- Potent
- Prolonged (days/months/years)
- Synthesised as large-protein molecules by ribosomes and then broken into smaller molecules
- Transport down axon to terminal (can take a long time)
- Not reused (lysis) - 25Name two examples of Neuropeptide NTMs:- Prolactin
- Nerve Growth Factor - 26Do NTMs that cause sodium channels to open excite or inhibit the post-synaptic neuron?Excite
- 27Do NTMs that cause chloride channels to open excite or inhibit the post-synaptic neuron?Inhibit
- 28Is a chloride channel an anion or a cation channel?Anion
- 29Is a sodium channel a anion or a cation channel?Cation
- 30Define the term 'Nernst Potential':Nernst Potential: the Potential that exactly opposes the movement of an ion across the neuronal membrane
- 31Define the term 'Spatial Summation':The sum-effect of multiple pre-synaptic neurons firing and causing an AP to be generated in one post-synaptic neuron.
- 32Define the term 'temporal summation':The sum-effect of one presynaptic neuron firing enough times over a certain period of time in order to stimulate one postsynaptic terminal.
- 33What are the three 'states' of a neuron?1. Resting
2. Excited
3. Inhibited - 34What is the resting membrane potential of an average neuron?- 65mV
- 35Does an excited neuron have a more or less negative membrane potential than a resting neuron?Less negative (usually around -45 mV)
- 36Does an inhibited neuron have a more or less negative membrane potential than a resting neuron?More negative (e.g around -70 mV)
- 37What does it mean when a neuron is 'facilitated'?The summated postsynaptic potential is excitatory in nature (less negative), but has not yet reached the threshold to generate an AP - easier to stimulate into producing an AP than a resting neuron.
- 38What effect does inhibition of Ca+ influx have on the presynaptic terminal?Reduced neuronal excitation
- 39What NTM plays an important role in Presynaptic Inhibition?GABA
- 40What can decreased levels of GABA result in?Epilepsy
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- Bachelors Degree BMSC335: Advanced Physiology Fichas sobre BMSC335 Lecture 1 Week 1, creado por Maddie McIntyre el 02/03/2016.
- Creado por
- Maddie McIntyre
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