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DMM
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- 1What is primary hypertension?Hypertension with no known cause, the most common type
- 2What is secondary hypertension?Hypertension with an identified cause, e.g. polycystic renal disease, phaeochromocytoma
- 3Why is hypertension dangerous?It can cause artery damage, in turn triggering fatty acid deposits, increasing the risk of thrombus and stroke
- 4What would be the treatment for an over 40 with stage 1 hypertension?Lifestyle intervention
- 5What would be the treatment for an under 40 with stage 1 hypertension?Specialist referral
- 6What would be the treatment for a person with stage 2 hypertension?Anti-hypertensive drugs
- 7How is peripheral resistance vessel diameter naturally controlled?The sympathetic NS releases noradrenaline which binds to a1-adrenoceptors, triggering the phospholipase C pathway. The resulting depolarisation is caused by the opening of L-type calcium channels and triggers vasodilation
- 8What drugs are "calcium antagonists"?Diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil.
They block the L-type calcium channels, preventing membrane depolarisation and so vasoconstriction - 9Why are diuretics used to treat hypertension?They increase urine concentration, reducing plasma and tissue volume and so decreasing blood pressure
- 10Which drugs are osmotic diuretics, and how do they act?Mannitol.
Increases urine osmolality, so decreasing water reabsorption. They can act outside the kidney, in tissues, and can be used to treat renal failure - 11Which drugs are loop diuretics, and how do they act?Frusemide, bumetanide.
They inhibit a Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, meaning water isn't absorbed from the descending limb. Only used in hypertension with renal failure, otherwise used to treat heart failure - 12Which drugs are thiazide diuretics and how do they act?Bendroflumethiazide.
Inhibits a Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, resulting in more concentrated urine, so less water reabsorption. Used to treat oedema and hypertension - 13What is hypokalaemia, and when is it a problem?Hypokalaemia is low potassium levels.
It is a major problem with loop and thiazide diuretics, as Na+ moves out of the lumen and so K+ replaces it, and is then drawn into the urine - 14Which drugs are potassium sparing diuretics and how do they work?Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist, so blocks an increase in the number of Na+/K+ ATPases.
Amiloride and triamterene block Na+ channels in the lumenal membrane
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- undergraduate Year 1, Semester 2 Fichas sobre DMM, creado por kirsty.s el 28/05/2016.
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- kirsty.s
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