10243730
Description
Flashcards by Chloe Drewery, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chloe Drewery
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nucleotide | It is the monomer of a nucleic acid - made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base. |
| DNA | Deoxyribose nucleic acid |
| Deoxyribose | Has one less oxygen than a ribose sugar. |
| Phosphodiester bond | A bond formed in a condensation reaction joining a phosphate group and a pentose sugar. |
| A | Adenine Purine |
| G | Guanine Purine |
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| U | Uracil Pyrimidine |
| RNA | A short transcribed molecule of DNA which is small enough to leave the nucleus in order to reach the site of protein synthesis. |
| DNA Polymerase | Synthesises DNA molecules from deoxyribose nucleotides. |
| DNA ligase | Sticks the backbone of the polynucleotide together. |
| DNA helicase | It unzips the strands of DNA. |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a technique which amplifies DNA allowing you to increase the amount of DNA from a small sample. |
| Primer | It is 3/4 bases long. It starts of the double strand enabling DNA polymerase to work as it doesn't work on single strands. |
| Electrophoresis | Separates different size fragments of DNA using an electric current. |
| Agarose Gel | The gel used to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins. |
| Buffer Solution | It enables the DNA to be transmitted by the charge provided by the buffer. DNA has a negative charge provided by the phosphate group. it also keeps the pH in a narrow range which is important as DNA is made of proteins which alter their shape if the pH lies outside their range. |
| Vector | Something that carries a substance |
| Reverse transcription | Forms a complementary strand of RNA, called cDNA. Goes from RNA to DNA. |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA. A molecule which carries a portion of DNA code to parts of the cell for coding. |
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| Microsatellites | These are even smaller than mini satellites. They are 2-4 bases long and are repeated 5-15 times. |
| STRs | Short tandem repeats. Another name for microsatellites. |
| DNA Profile | Satellites appear in the same place on chromosomes. However the number of repeats vary between individuals. An image of these patterns is called a DNA profile. |
| Fred Sanger Sequencing | One of the early sequencing methods. It enabled DNA to be sequenced on a large scale. |
| Thermal cycler | Rapidly switches between two cycles. One at 96 which causes the break down of the double strand to single strands. And another at 50 degrees which anneals the primer to the DNA strand. |
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| Computational biology | The process of building theoretical models on data collected from bioinformatics. |
| Genome-wide comparisons | Study patterns in DNA - shows inherited diseases due to genes. |
| Genome analysis of pathogens | Can pinpoint the source of infection. Identify pathogens resistant to treatments, track and monitor outbreaks, targets areas of the pathogen vulnerable to drugs, or assist in making vaccines. |
| DNA barcoding | Can know which species an organism belongs to, or whether we have found a new species. |
| Evolutionary relationships | Build a firm idea of ancestral relatives and evolutionary trees. |
| Genomics | The study of the genome of an organism, mapping, structure, function and evolution of the genome. |
| Proteomics | Amino acid sequencing to analyse and study the proteins which make up an organism. There are 2 main areas: spliceosomes - allow us to identify the root of a given phenotype. And protein modification - give us the range of the variation in production of proteins by a given gene. |
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