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Flashcards by sammieroxas, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sammieroxas
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What 4 elements make up 99% of the living organisms? | C - Carbon H - Hydrogen O - Oxygen N - Nitrogen |
| Similarities and differences b/w Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells | Similarities: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, nucleoid region & ribosomes Differences: Prokaryote - - Small - Lack membrane bound organelles - Lack of nucleus - Simple internal structure - Singular circular chromosome Eukaryote: - Large - Presence membrane bound organelles - Presence of nucleus - Complex internal structure - DNA multiple linear chromosomes |
| Define Osmosis | The net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high [] to low [] |
| What is the purpose of Plasma Membrane? | - protects the cell - gives the cell its shape - selectively controlling entry and exit of substances (allowing and preventing passage of molecules) - assists in reactions ( in just membranes: by establishing compartments within organelles) and - cell to cell recognition & communication |
| What are the requirements for substances to move through the Plasma Membrane? | - size: small - overall charge: non-charged - polarity: non-polar |
| What is the role of Cholesterol in Plasma Membrane? | Cholesterol – gives plasma membrane flexibility (but also decreases permeability to water) |
| What is the role of Glycolipids and Glycoproteins in the Plasma Membrane? | Glycolipids – acts as receptors Glycoproteins - organizing and recognizing cells (immune system – for viruses, bacteria; foreign cells) |
| What is the role of Carbohydrates in the Plasma Membrane? | Carbohydrates – recognition (antibodies, hormones and viruses) and adhesion between cells |
| Define Diffusion | The passive movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a low concentration until the concentration gradient if equal. |
| Define Facilitated Diffusion | The passive movement of molecules, substance is aided across a membrane when unable to move across the phospholipid bilayer via a protein channel; protein-mediated transport . (faster than diffusion) |
| What is Endocytosis? | substances from the outside the cell into the cell as a membrane bound vesicle or vacuole |
| What is Exocytosis? | releases substances from the inside of the cell to the outside |
| Difference b/w Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis | Pinocytosis - liquids Phagocytosis - solids |
| Define Active Transport | The transport of substances from a low [] to high [], requires energy and can be via protein channel |
| What elements do Carbohydrates contain? | C,H,O |
| What elements do Nucleic Acids contain? | C,H,O,N,P |
| What elements do Proteins contain? | C,H,O,N,(S) |
| What elements do Lipids contain? | C,H,O |
| Name all 3 Monosaccharides | Glucose, Fructose and Ribose |
| Name all 3 Disaccharides | Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose |
| Name all 4 Polysaccharides | Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose and Chitin |
| What are Fibrous Proteins? | structural proteins that provide support and shape and are insoluble |
| What are Globular Proteins? | functional proteins that can: - move substances across membrane - signal b/w cells - membrane receptors - self recognition markers - various components to the immune system They are soluble |
| Define Proteome | The complete set of proteins produced by a single cell or an organism |
| Steps of the Protein Secretary Pathway | 1. Polypeptide produced on ribosome 2. Polypeptide enters lumen of the RER 3. Polypeptide is modified inside the ER lumen 4. Transport vesicle encloses polypeptifr and buds off from the ER 5. Transport vesicle fuses with Golgi Apparatus, further modification 6. Transport vesicle encloses with plasma membrane and protein is secreted from cell via exocytosis |
| Factors that effect Enzyme activity | - enzyme [] - substrate [] - pH - temp - inhibitors - conenzymes |
| RNA vs DNA | DNA Strand: double Pentose Sugar: 2 deoxyribose Bases: GCTA RNA Strand: single Pentose Sugar: ribose Bases: GCUA |
| Define Enzyme | biological molecules that act as catalysts to speeds up biological reactions |
| Steps of Lock and Key Model | 1. Substrate is drawn into active site of enzyme 2. Substrate and enzyme come in contact, shape must be complementary with the enzyme active site 3. Enzyme modifies substrate and product is released (2 or 1) |
| How do Condensation and Hydrolysis reactions differ? | Condensation - water is a product, form larger molecules whereas Hydrolysis - water is a reactant, breaks down large molecules into smaller subunits |
| Explain how Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides are related | are all carbohydrates, made up of saccharides; mono - 1, usually contains 5 or 6 C's di - 2, made via condensation reaction, connect with covalent, glycosidic bond poly - many |
| Why is it advantageous for starch and glycogen to be large and insoluble? | Used as energy stores. Because large and insoluble, they form solid grains inside cells. Do not interfere w/ metabolic reactions or osmotic gradient |
| What is the difference b/w saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? | Saturated - only contain single bonds and not double bonds where as Unsaturated - contain double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain |
| How do oils and fats differ? | Oils - liquids at room temperature, relatively short or unsaturated fatty acid chains (more likely to be produced by plants) Fats - solids at room temperature, long or saturated fatty acid chains (more likely to be produced by animals) |
| Triglycerides are insoluble in water. How is this an advantage in adipose (body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue) cells? | Do not disperse through the cytoplasm where they act as a heat insulator and provide buoyancy |
| How are Phospholipids able to create a plasma membrane? | Because they have polar heads (hydrophilic) and non-polar tails (hydrophobic) they are able to orientate themselves and make a bi-layer. Polar head of the first layer line up against the internal fluid and the second layer line up against external fluid. Non-polar tails point towards the centre of the membrane. Membrane is flexible as molecules free to move but also strong; tails are hydrophobic and are attracted to each other |
| State the different type of structures for Proteins and their features. | Primary - shape due to covalent bonds Secondary - shape due to amide bonds Tertiary - shape due to bonding of the side groups Quaternary - (add more) |
| Factors that cause Denaturation and what type of bonds are broken? | - pH - temp H bonds b/w amide groups (Secondary) H bonds, covalent, ionic, disulfide bonds, and non-polar hydrophobic interactions (Tertiary) |
| What are the basic building blocks for DNA? | Nucleotides; bases A,T,G,C |
| What are the 3 main components of a nucleotide? | - Sugar - Base (ATGC or AUGC - RNA) - Phosphate group |
| How are functions of the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and vesicle related? | Organelles that assist in the synthesis of proteins; (secrete), transport, packaging and export Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis and attach to Endoplasmic reticulum ER - transport protein within the cell Golgi apparatus - packages proteins into vesicles Vesicle - fuses w/ membrane to release via exocytosis to extracellular fluid |
| Chemical Equation for Photosythesis | 6CO2 + 12H2O -> (light, chlorophyll) 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O |
| Chemical Equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration | 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 36ADP -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +36ATP |
| What are Complementary Base Pairs? | Nitrogen bases that only form bonds b/w complementary base pairs. Which are A and T G and C (DNA) or A and U (RNA) |
| What type of bonds hold the base pairs together? | Hydrogen bonds; 3 b/w G and C 2 b/w A and T |
| How do you break bonds b/w Nitrogenous Bases? | - Heating to approx 90C to break bonds and separate bases - Bonds in the sugar phosphate group is not affected, thus if DNA is heated, two long chains of nucleotides will result. - If cooled, H bonds will reform b/w bases and chains will rejoin |
| Biomacromolecule Table 1 (Elements, Example and Use) | |
| Biomacromolecule Table 2 (Building blocks, bonds) | |
| Is Energy used by living organisms? | No, energy is never used. Energy is converted from one form to another and at the end of the process may be unstable. Most organisms store energy in chemicals such as fat or starch. Energy is made availible to do cellular work during cellular respiration |
| Why do cells need Energy? | To be able to undergo cellular work. Process require energy such as; - cellular division, synthesis of new parts and materials, muscular contraction, active transport and nervous conduction. |
| What is the difference between Anabolic and Catabolic? | Anabolic - involve building or synthesis of molecules Catabolic - involves the breaking of molecules into smaller molecules |
| What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic reactions? | Endergonic - (building and synthesis) requires and input of energy Exergonic - (breaking of molecules) releases energy |
| Do Enzymes increase the amount of product produced in a reaction? | No, they are biological catalysts that only speed up the rate of reaction therefore do not increase the amount of product |
| With respect to reactions involving Enzymes, what is meant by the Rate of Reaction? | The amount of product produced in a given time. For example; measuring in micrograms of product produced per minute. |
| Do all Enzymes work efficiently under the same conditions? | No, all enzymes work optimally at different ranges. Conditions that effect enzyme activity is pH, temp and [] enzyme or substrate for example; enzymes (pepsin) in the stomach work efficiently in low pH levels compared to enzymes in the pancreas (trypsin) that work efficiently in high pH |
| What is the Enzyme's Active site and how is it formed? | Enzymes are proteins. The folding of protein into its tertiary structure provides a site that matches with specific substrates. This site is called the active site |
| What is ATP? Explain its role in cells. | ATP is a molecule containing adenosine attached to ribose which is bound to chain of 3 phosphate groups. Energy is releases for cellular reactions when the terminal phosphate group id removed to form ADP. It is an intermediate source of energy for cells. When energy is released by cellular reactions, it is stored in ATP |
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