Flashcards
MICRO 425-lecture 1
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- 1Bacteria are what?small, single-celled organisms with no distinct organs or tissues.
- 2Microphysiology is defined as what?the study of microbes and their mechanisms.
- 3Living cells are divided into 2 categories. What are they?prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 4Similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?1) both have a lipid bilayer
2) both have ribosomes
3) both have DNA - 5Differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?Eukaryotes
1) have membrane bound organelles
2) larger than prokaryotes 10-100
prokaryotes
1) nitrogen fixation, methane production, 2) diverse fermentation pathways, anaerobic metabolism, ect.
3) smaller ribosome size
4) no histones - 6The shape of prokaryotes and eukaryotes = what?structure plus appendages
- 7Shape (bacillus/coccus)1) the function of site of peptidoglycan synthesis
2) MreB (Actin-like): absent coccoid bacteria, mutants lose rod shape
3) crescentin: localizes to concave side
4) internal structure (flagella and spirochaetes) - 8Division of prokaryotes and eukaryotes use what?ftsZ and Z ring formation
- 9Prokaryotic cytoskeleton includes what?cell shape, division, DNA segregation, cell polarity
- 10Eukaryotic cytoskeleton includes what?cell shape, movement, contraction, endo/exocytosis, vesicle movement
- 11What are two major forms of cell envelope structure? The difference in staining is?gram positive and gram negative.
the difference is the differences in envelope structure and chemical composition. - 12Gram positive envelope in bacteria is what?1) thick cell wall with multiple peptidoglycan layers
2) no outer membrane, periplasmic space or lipopolysaccharide
3) long chain teichoic acids intertwines with the peptidogylcan - 13gram negative envelope in bacteria is what?1) single thin peptidoglycan layer, no teichoic acids
2) outer membrane containg LIPS and a periplasmic space between the outer and inner membranes - 14Mycobacterium cell wall1) Inner membrane with peptidoglycan layer underlying a mycolic acid outer layer
2) arabinoglycan intervenes with peptidoglycan
3) extremely hydrophobic compared to gram-neg and gram pos. - 15Outer membrane (OM) of bacteria is found only in what?gram-negatives only
- 16Outer membrane does what?provides an outer diffusion barrier to molecules greater than 700 to 1500 molecular weight
- 17Outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall is composed of what?phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and proteins
- 18OM acts as a endotoxin. t/ftrue
- 19Periplasmic spacespace between the OM and inner membrane of gram-NEGATIVE cells
- 20Periplasmic space contains what?various degradative enzymes and binding proteins involved in the uptake of amino acids, sugars, ect.
- 21Inner (Cytoplasmic) Membrane (IM)1)a typical biological membrane that has one third lipid and two thirds protein.
2) has intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
3) it controls entry into the cytoplasm and acts as an electrical insulator for the electron transport chain - 22Capsule of bacteria1) carbohydrate (or protein) layer found loosely attached to the outside of many bacteria
2) not essential and varies with species and growth conditions
3) they are protective (keep both bacteriophages and macrophages at a distance), may promote adherence, protect cells against desiccation - 23Pilus in bacteriathey are composed of helical protein subunits. range from 0.2 um to 20 um. mostly found in gram-negative bacteria.
- 24Common pili (also called fimbriae; singular fimbria)made by both sexes- adhesion to suitable surfaces (cell surface/matrix) floating, twitching motility.
bacteria lacking common pili clump together and sediment. have a twitching motility. - 25Sex pili are produced by what?male cells. they bind male and female cells together for DNA transfer during mating.
- 26What are the steps involved in the mechanism of covalent anchoring to the cell wall?1) protein export
2) retention in the membrane
3) cleavage of TG bond nad acyl-enzyme intermediate formation
4) cell wall linkage by transpeptidation - 27Flagella of bacteria1) flagella has a single filament made of helical protein subunits
2) the basal structure in the IM acts as a rotor and the whole shaft rotates
3) bacterial flagella are powered by the Proton Motive force (PMF)/some can use sodium currents instead of PMF - 28Flagella morphology include:monotrichous- one flagella
iophotrichous- multiple at one end
bipolar- one on each side
peritrichous- multiple around it - 29Flagella-based motility/ corkscrewspiochaetes (treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdoferi)
- 30flagellum-based motility/swimming/swamingcampylobacter jejuni/serratia marcescens
- 31Flagellum assembly. L ring location is what? P ring location is what? S ring location is what? M ring is what? central rodouter membrane (LPS)
peptidogylcoprotein layer
inner membrane, periplasmic side
cell membrane
connects rings to hooks - 32Stator of flagellum assembly is located where? protein? function?IM, protein is MotA/MotB
proton flow - 33Rotor is located where in flagellum assembly? protein? function?cytoplasmic face, IM
FiiG
torquqe - 34C ring is located where in flagellum assembly? protein? function?cytoplasmic face/IM
protein FiiM/FiiN (FiiG)
switch - 35Hook is located where? protein? function?extracellular
FIgE
link filament to basal body - 36Flagellin is located where? protein? function?extracellular, FiiC protein, propellor
- 37—
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- Flashcards on MICRO 425-lecture 1, created by Yelena Utyuzh on 12/09/2017.
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- Yelena Utyuzh
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