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| Question | Answer |
| collision detection | Stop transmitting if someone else does |
| How long should a node wait after a collision to repeat the sense-and-transmit cycle? | Chose a value K at random from {0,1,2,...,(2^n)-1}, where n is number of collisions. Ethernet: wait K*512 bit / R |
| What is a Router? | Forwards data packets along networks. It is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets. |
| What is a Switch? | a switch connects devices to form a Local area network (LAN) (which might, in turn, be connected to another network via a router). Operates in Data Link Layer |
| Hub vs switch | Hub - frames are "broadcast" to every one of its ports even if it was meant for 1. A switch, however, keeps a record of the MAC addresses of all the devices connected to it -> A switch can identify which system is sitting on which port. |
| Segment vs packets vs frames | -Segments are units of data in the Transport Layer (TCP/UDP in case of the Internet) - Packets or Datagrams are units of data in the Network Layer (IP in case of the Internet) - Frames are units of data in the Link Layer (e.g. Wifi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, etc). |
| What is a hub? | A Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single network. Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections. commonly used to connect segments of a LAN |
| What are Distributed applications? | A distributed application runs on end systems and exchanges data via the com- puter network. Distributed applications include Web surfing, e-mail, instant mes- saging, Internet phone, distributed games |
| What is Encapsulation? | When the sender-side application-layer process passes an application-level data unit to the transport layer, that message becomes the payload of the transport-layer segment, which also contains additional transport-layer header information, for example, information that will allow the transport layer at the receiver side to deliver a message to the correct receiverside application |
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