Memory Core Studies

Question	Answer
Memory core studies	-
Glanzer and Cunitz 1966	presented two groups of ppts with the same list of words. One group recalled the words immediately after presentation, while the other group recalled the words after waiting 30 seconds. These participants had to count backwards in threes which prevented rehearsal and caused the recency effect to disappear. Both groups could free recall the words in any order. Results The words at the end of the list are only remembered if recalled first and tested immediately. Delaying recall by 30 seconds prevented the recency effect.
Sperling 1960	Using a chart ptts were asked to look at the chart for less than a second and were asked to recall how many of the letters they could remember. Then Sperling got the ptts to recall single rows of letters when particular tones were heard. High tone for top row, medium tone for middle row and low tone for the bottom row. Results – The ppts could remember approximately 4/5 letters although they were aware of more. Secondly, on average 3 times were recalled from the indicated row.
Miller 1887	Span of memory and chunking - Miller made an observation that everything comes in 7's. suggests that span of STM was 7+/-2.
Peterson and Peterson 1959	Duration of STM - 24 undergraduates - trigrams or 3 digit number. the students were asked to count down from that three digit number. stopped after 3,6,9,12,15 and 18 seconds and asked to recall the trigrams
Conrad 1964	: Ps were presented with sequences of six consonants and then asked to recall the sequences. Findings: Letters with similar sounds (e.g. "P", "D", "T") proved more difficult to recall correctly than letters with different sounds (e.g. "D" "O") even though the different sounding letters looked more similar ("D" looks like "O" but sounds different; "D" doesn't look like "T" but sounds similar)
Baddeley 1966	LTM Encoding - 4 groups of acoustically similar and dissimilar, semantically similar and dissimilar. learn words 20 min recall. ppts did worse on acoustically similar words
Bahrick et al 1975	Duration of LTM- studied 392 ppts who were aged between 17 to 74. Yearbook - photo recognition, free recall. ppts tested within 15 years had 90% accuracy in photo recognition. After 15 years 60% accuracy in photo recognition dropping to 30% after 48 years.
Clive Wearing	Clive Wearing - suffers from severe amnesia from a viral infection as a child. it attacked his hippocampus and associated areas. he can still play the piano but doesn't know who his wife is
HM	HM- episodic memory was impaired due to amnesia but his semantic memory was unaffected
Shallice and Warrington 1970	KF - studied KF who suffered from amnesia, they found that his short term memory for digits were poor when they were read out loud to him. but his recall was much better when he could read them.
Simons and Chabris	Selective attention experiment - 228 volunteers mostly students. 4 videos 75 seconds long of sports and random things would run through etc.
Baddeley et al 1975	Dual task performance - showed that ppts had more difficulty doing two visual tasks than doing a visual and verbal tasks.
McGeoch and McDonald	Effects of similarity - studied retroactive interference. ppts had to learn a group of 10 words until they knew them 100%. 6 groups, synonyms,antonyms,unrelated words, nonsense syllables, three digit numbers, no new list. the more similar new words to the original the worse they did.
Godden and Baddeley 1975	Context-dependent forgetting - Divers. they found that when the environment didn't mach on recall they did 40% worse than when it did match.
Loftus and Palmer	Leading Questions - got ppts to watch a video of a car crash and answer questions about it. it was a leading question because of the verb used "hit" for each group the verb changed
Gabbert	Post event discussion - studied ppts in pairs each ppt watched the same crime but from different angles. both ppts then discussed what they had seen then individually completing a test of recall. 71% mistakenly recalled aspects of the event they didn't actually see.
Johnson and Scott	Anxiety has a negative effect on recall- ppts thought they were going to be part of a lab experiment when in waiting room in condition 1 saw a man go into a room shouting came out with a bloody knife, in condition 2 a greasy pen.
Yuille and Cutshall	anxiety has a positive effect on recall - conducted a real life study on a shooting in Canada. 13 ppts interviews were held 4-5 months . accuracy was measured by the amount of detail. those ppts who reported the highest level of stress were more accurate than the others.
Fisher	cognitive interview - Fisher and Geiselman 4 techniques report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order, change perspective.

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	Created by Emily Hancox over 6 years ago