Flashcards
Repro Exam 6
Cards in this deck (86)
- 11. What kind of cells differentiate into angioblasts? 2. What are angioblasts? 3. What do angioblasts form? Where is it/are they found?1. Mesenchymal cells
2. Vessel-forming cells
3. Blood Islands; lining the wall of the yolk sac - 21. What is vasculogenesis? 2. What is angiogenesis?1. Cavities that appear in the blood islands fuse to form networks of endothelial channels that form the blood vessels
2. Endothelial budding of de novo blood vessels forming new blood vessels; formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels - 31. Shortly after the primary chorionic villi appear, they begin to ________. 2. How are secondary villi formed? Where can they be found?1. branch
2. Mesenchyme grows into the primary villi forming a core of mesenchymal tissue; secondary villi cover the entire surface of the chorionic sac - 41. What will happen to some of the mesenchymal cells in secondary villi? 2. When is a villus considered tertiary?1. Some mesenchymal cells will differentiate into capillaries and blood cells
2. When the blood cells are visible within the secondary villi - 51. How is the arteriocapillary network formed? 2. What do they connect to and how? 3. What occurs by the end of the 3rd week within this network?1. The capillaries within the chorionic villi fuse to form the arteriocapillary network.
2. They connect to the embryonic heart via the vessels in the mesenchyme of the chorion and connecting stalk.
3. Embryonic blood flows through the chorionic villi - 6Primordial Cardiovascular System 1. What gives rise to the heart and great vessels? From what region? 2. What two structures form during the 3rd week? 3. How is the primordial heart tube formed?1. Mesenchymal cells from the cardiogenic area form the heart and great vessels
2. endocardial tubes
3. The fusion of the endocardial tubes form the primordial heart tube - 71. How does a complete mole come about? How many molar pregnancies are complete moles? 2. How do partial moles come about? How many molar pregnancies are partial moles? 3. What will 5% of moles develop into?1A) Fertilization of an empty oocyte and subsequent duplication of that sperm
1B) Fertilization of an empty oocyte by two sperm
1C) 90%
2A) Fertilization of an oocyte by two sperm
2B) 10%
3) Choriocarcinoma - 8What happens when villi do not differentiate into tertiary villi? What is produced?If villi do not differentiate into tertiary villi, they degenerate and form a cystic swelling.
The cells in this swelling produce excess amounts of hCG - 91. During the embryonic folding stage, what is seen in the lateral mesoderm? 2. What happens to these structures? 3. Once they have organized into their final form, what is that structure referred to as? 4. What does this structure give rise to?1. Isolated coelomic spaces
2. They organize into a horseshoe shape and fuse
3. Once it's fused, it is referred to as the intraembryonic coelom.
4. The intraembryonic coelom separates the mesoderm into two layers, the somatopleure and the splanchnopleure. - 101. What makes up the somatopleure? What does it form? 2. What makes up the splanchnopleure? What does it form?1. The somatopleure is made up of somatic mesoderm and ectoderm. The somatopleure forms the embryonic body wall.
2. The splanchnopleure is made up of splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm. The splanchnopleure forms the gut. - 111. How are the head and tail formed in the developing embryo? 2. Along which axis/axes is the growth rate fastest?1. The head and tail are formed through a process called embryonic folding, where the ends fold ventrally to form the head and tail folds
2. The growth rate is higher along the anteroposterior axis while the lateral sides of the disc are slower. - 121. When does the head fold begin to develop? 2. What happens to the neural folds during this developmental period? What region of the neural folds? What is this new structure referred to as? 3. Describe the next developmental folding steps once this structure is formed. 4. What structures fold in ventrally toward the embryo? 5. What cavity is formed by the head fold?1. The fourth week
2. The neural folds in the cranial region thicken. The thickened neural folds are referred to as the brain primordium.
3. The developing forebrain grows cranially beyond the oropharyngeal membrane and over the developing heart.
4. The septum transversum, primordial heart, pericardial coelom, oropharyngeal membrane all fold in ventrally toward the embryo.
5. The foregut - 131. How is the foregut formed? 2. What is foregut destined to become? 3. What is the midgut destined to become? the hindgut?1. During head and tail folding, part of the yolk sac endoderm is encorporated into the embryo as the foregut
2. The foregut is destined to become the oral cavity, pharynx, lower respiratory, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas
3. The midgut is destined to become the small intestine; the hindgut is destined to become the colon and rectum. - 141. How do the right and left lateral fold form? 2. What happens as the abdominal wall forms? 3. How is the yolk stalk formed? 4. What happens with the lateral folds as the umbilical cord is being formed?1. The sides of the embryo fold to form the right and left lateral folds. The lateral folds are produced by the growing spinal cord and somites.
2. As the abdominal wall forms, a part of the endoderm is incorporated into the embryo as the midgut
3. The wide connection between the midgut and yolk stalk narrows significantly to form the yolk stalk
4. As the umbilical cord forms from the connecting stalk, the lateral folds fuse and communication between the intra- and extraembryonic coelomic cavities reduces - 151. How does the tail fold form? 2. How does the hindgut appear?1. The distal neural tube grows and the caudal end folds producing the tail fold.
2. As the caudal end folds, endoderm is incorporated into the embryo as the hindgut. - 161. What is the cloaca? 2. What is the allantois? What is its function? 3. What is the destiny of the allantois?1. The cloaca is the dilated portion of the distal hindgut
2. The allantois is an outgrowth of the embryonic gut that helps the embryo exchange gases and dispose of liquid waste
3. The allantois is destined to become the bladder, urachus, umbilical vein and arteries. - 171. What structure does the umbilical cord form from? 2. What forms the epithelial lining of the umbilical cord and how does it become so?1. The umbilical cord forms from the connecting stalk
2. As the amniotic cavity expands, the amnion forms the epithelial lining of the umbilical cord - 181. When is the organogenetic period? 2. What are the 3 phases of the organogenetic period?1. The organogenetic period is between the 4th and 8th weeks
2. Growth (cell division), Morphogenesis (development of organ shape and size), Differentiation (tissues begin to perform specialized functions) - 19What are inductions? Name an example that does not involved the notochord.Inductions are tissue interactions that lead to a change in development
The optic vesicle induces the development of the lens from surface ectoderm - 201. What tissue layer are somites derived from? 2. What happens to somites in the 3rd week? 3. About how many pairs form? 4. What do somites develop into?1. Somites are derived from mesoderm
2. In the 3rd week, somites divide into paired cuboidal bodies
3. ~44 pairs
4. Somites develop into axial skeleton and associated musculature - 21FOURTH WEEK Briefly describe the state of the following during days 22-23 (4-12 somites): Neural Fold Neural Groove Neural Tube Rostral Neuropore Caudal Neuropore Pharyngeal ArchesNeural Fold: present/visible
Neural Groove: present/visible
Neural Tube: formed
Rostral Neuropore: open
Caudal Neuropore: open
Pharyngeal Arches: 1st and 2nd present/visible - 22FOURTH WEEK Briefly describe the state of the following during days 24-25 (13-20 somites): Embryo shape Rostral Neuropore Placodes/VesiclesEmbryo shape: embryo is curved due to head and tail folds
Rostral Neuropore: begins to close
Placodes/Vesicles: optic vesicle forms (eye)
otic placode present/visible (ear) - 23FOURTH WEEK Briefly describe the state of the following during day 26 (21-29 somites): Limb buds Rostral Neuropore Caudal Neuropore Pharyngeal Arches Cardiac structuresLimb buds: upper limb buds appear
Rostral Neuropore: closed
Caudal Neuropore: begins to close
Pharyngeal Arches: 3rd pharyngeal arch is present/visible
Cardiac structures: heart prominence is visible - 24FOURTH WEEK Briefly describe the state of the following during day 27: Head Ears Eyes Pharyngeal Arches Limb BudsHead: The forebrain elevates the head
Ears: Otic pits are present/visible (internal ear primordium)
Eyes: Lens placodes are present/visible
Pharyngeal Arches: 4th pharyngeal arch is present/visible
Limb Buds: Lower limb buds appear - 25FIFTH WEEK 1. What area of the body is growing rapidly? 2. Describe the upper limb buds at this stage 3. What structure is visible that will indicate the site of future kidneys?1. The head, brain and facial prominences are growing rapidly
2. The upper limb buds are paddle shaped
3. The mesonephric ridges indicate the site of mesonephric kidneys - 26SIXTH WEEK 1. What happens in the upper limb buds? 2. What develops between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches? What does it become?1. Digital rays appear in the paddle-shaped limb buds
2. Auricular hillocks appear between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches. This becomes the external acoustic meatus, which is the ear canal. - 271. What week does the yolk stalk form? 2. What is umbilical herniation and what week does it occur?1. 7th week
2. Umbilical herniation is when the intestines enter the extraembryonic coelom; 7th week - 281. When do the upper limb bones begin to ossify? 2. When do the lower limb bones begin to ossify?1. 7th week
2. 8th week - 29EIGHTH WEEK 1. Describe the state of the fingers 2. What is visible that forms a band around the head? 3. What regional eminence disappears? 4. Describe the location of the intestines 5. Describe the state of the auricles1. The fingers are distinct but webbed
2. The scalp vascular plexus
3. The caudal eminence (tail)
4. The intestines are still herniated
5. The auricles have assumed their final shape - 301. When does the embryo become a fetus? 2. What does the fetus begin to generate?1. At nine weeks
2. The fetus begins to generate urine and it is discharged into the amniotic fluid. Fetal waste enters the mother's circulation by passing the placental membrane. - 3113-16 WEEKS 1. __________ of the fetal skeleton 2. What structures are developed by 16 weeks in female fetuses?1. ossification
2. ovaries - 321. Between 17-20 weeks, what covers the fetus' skin? 2. What is the composition and function of this substance? 3. What covers the fetus at 20 weeks? (not the same substance from previous question) 4. What structure has formed in female fetuses during 17-20 weeks? What other structure begins to canalize? 5. What happens to male fetuses during this time?1. Vernix Caseosa
2. Vernix Caseosa is a fatty secretion from sebaceous glands. It protects the fetus from amniotic fluid.
3. Lanugo - body hair
4. Uterus; Vagina
5. Testes begin to descend - 331. What is the most common contributor to low birth weight? 2. What are some causes for IUGR? (7 mentioned in class)1. Placental insufficiency; small or poorly attached
2. Placental insufficiency
Multiple gestations
Infectious disease
Cardiovascular abnormalities
Genetic factors
Chromosome abnormalities
Poor maternal nutrition - 341. What are the average dimensions and weight of a normal placenta? 2. What do the placenta and fetal membranes contribute to the fetus?1. 9 inches wide, 1 inch thick, 1 pound
2. They provide protection, nutrition, respiration, excretion properties, and produce hormones - 35What are the two parts of the placenta and where are they derived from?The fetal part and the maternal part
The fetal part is derived from the chorionic sac
The maternal part is derived from the endometrium - 36What is exchanged through the placenta? 1. Mother --> fetus? 2. Fetus --> mother?1. Nutrients and oxygen pass from maternal blood to the fetal blood
2. Waste products pass from fetal blood to maternal blood - 37What is a succenturiate lobe?A succenturiate lobe is a variation in placental morphology
It is a smaller accessory placental lobe that is separate from the main placenta - 381. Describe Marginal Cord Insertion. What are pregnancies with MCI monitored for? 2. Describe Velamentious Cord Insertion. What are some concerns about the vessels? What is the incidence of VCI in single and multiple gestations?1. Cord inserts on the edges/ sides of the placenta instead of the center. These pregnancies are monitored for IUGR.
2. Instead of inserting into the center, the cord inserts into the fetal membranes (between the amnion and chorion).
The vessels are exposed and vulnerable to rupture.
In single gestations, 1% recurrence
In multiple gestations, 10-15% recurrence - 39What term is used when a blastocyst implants close to the internal os?Placenta Previa
- 401. What term is used when a velamentous cord insertion is over the cervix? 2. What structures run near or cross the internal os? What are they vulnerable to and why?1. Vasoprevia
2. The baby's blood vessels cross or run near the internal os. They are unsupported by the umbilical cord or placental tissue and are vulnerable to rupture - 411. What is the decidua? 2. What are the three regions of the decidua? Where are each of them located? 3. Which of these regions forms a capsule over the entire surface of the chorionic sac?1. The decidua refers to the pregnant endometrium; the functional layer of the endometrium in a pregnant woman
2. Decidua Basalis - the deepest part of the decidua; resides in the maternal side of the placenta
Decidua Capsularis - the superficial part of the endometrium that overlies the fetus
Decidua Parietalis - the part of the decidua that lines the chorionic cavity - 42Describe how the smooth chorion is developed.Chorionic villi cover the entire chorionic sac until the 8th week. As the sac grows, the decidua capsularis is compressed. The villi degenerate and produce the smooth chorion.
- 43DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTA 1. Explain why the uterine cavity reduces in size 2. Why does the decidua capsularis disappear in weeks 22-24?1. The uterine cavity reduces when the decidua capsularis fuses with the decidua parietalis
2. The blood supply to the decidua capsularis reduces, causing it to degenerate and disappear. - 44Describe how the villous chorion is formed.As the smooth chorion develops, chorionic villi in the decidua basalis increase in number, profusely branch, and enlarge to form the villous chorion.
- 451. What is the function of the cytotrophoblastic shell? 2. What structures pass through the cytotrophoblastic shell? Where do they reach?1. The cytotrophoblastic shell anchors the placenta to the endometrium by attaching the decidua basalis to the villous chorion.
2. Endometrial veins and arteries pass freely through the gaps in the cytotrophoblastic shell and into the intervillous space. - 461. What genes/transcription factors are important in the formation of stem and branch villi? 2. What do the embryonic arteries and vein transport?1. MAP2K1, MAP2K2, and Gem1 from the trophoblast
2. The arteries carry poorly oxygenated blood and waste products away from the fetus.
The vein carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to the fetus. - 471. Explain how the placental septa are formed 2. What are cotyledons and what is ?1. As chorionic villi invade the decidua basalis, the decidual tissue is eroded back to enlarge the intervillous space. The result is several wedge-shaped areas called placental septa that project toward the chorionic plate
2. Cotyledons are the spaces in between the placental septa. Each cotyledon contains 2 or more stem villi and all of their branch villi - 481. What is the intervillous space? 2. Since placental septa do not reach the chorionic plate, what does this allow? 3. What is the role of spiral endometrial arteries in this area? 4. How is this area "washed" or "drained?"1. The intervillous space is the space between the chorionic plate and the decidua basalis
2. Free communication
3. Spiral endometrial arteries break through the cytotrophoblastic shell and discharge blood into the intervillous space, showering the branched villi.
4. Endometrial veins also penetrate the cytotrophoblastic shell and drain the intervillous space - 491. Which sac enlarges quicker: the amniotic sac or the chorionic sac? 2. What is the result of this fact? 3. What ruptures at delivery? 4. What is the most common cause of premature labor?1. The amniotic sac enlarges quicker than the chorionic sac
2. As a result, the amnion and the smooth chorion fuse, forming the amniochorionic membrane
3. The Amniochorionic Membrane
4. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) - 50PLACENTAL CIRCULATION 1. What features of branched villi allow successful maternal-embryonic maternal exchange? 2. In a laboratory, how must villi be prepped before analysis?1. Branched villi have very thin membranes and provide a large surface area for material exchange
2. In practice, extracted villi must be stripped clean of maternal cells before analysis - 51FETAL-PLACENTAL CIRCULATION 1. How does poorly oxygenated blood travel away from the fetus? 2. How are chorionic arteries formed? 3. How or why might some fetal blood be present in maternal circulation?1. Poorly oxygenated blood leaves the fetus through umbilical arteries to the placenta
2. At the cord-placenta attachment site, the umbilical arteries branch radially to form the chorionic arteries
3. Small defects in the placental membrane may allow small amounts of fetal blood to enter maternal circulation - 52MATERNAL-PLACENTAL CIRCULATION 1. How does maternal blood enter the intervillous space? 2. Describe the physical flow of maternal blood into the intervillous space. 3. What can result from reduction of maternal-placental circulation?1. Maternal blood enters the intervillous space through spiral endometrial arteries in the decidua basalis
2. Blood flow is pulsatile; it is propelled in jet-like fountains by maternal blood pressure
3. The embryo's welfare depends greatly on the adequate bathing of branch villi with maternal blood. Reductions of maternal-placental circulation can lead to IUGR, Hypoxia, and even fetal demise. - 531. The placental membrane is selectively permeable based on _____, _____, and _____. 2. Some detrimental substances do not pass the placental membranes in appreciable quantities to affect the fetus. Name two. 3. What detrimental substances DO pass the membrane and reach the fetus?1. size, configuration, and charge
2. Bacteria and Heparin
3. DRUGS! - 54What does the placenta metabolize? (3 items)Glycogen
Cholesterol
Fatty Acids - 55Placental transfer occurs via 4 mechanisms (discussed in this course) Name them1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Active transport
4. Pinocytosis - 561. What gases pass the placental membrane? 2. By what mechanism?1. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
2. Simple diffusion - 57What nutrients pass through the placental membrane? By what mechanism? (4 discussed in this course)1. Water - simple diffusion
2. Glucose - simple diffusion
3. Amino acids - active transport
4. Vitamins - variety of mechanisms depending on the vitamin - 58What wastes pass through the placental membrane? by what mechanism?1. Urea and uric acid - simple diffusion
2. Drugs/Drug metabolites - simple diffusion - 591. How does the fetus acquire immunity? 2. What conditions (mentioned in this course) is the fetus passively immune to? 3. Which conditions (mentioned in this course) does the fetus NOT have immunity to?1. The fetus produces very few antibodies due to its immature immune system. It acquires passive immunity as a result of placental transfer of maternal antibodies.
2. Smallpox, Diphtheria, and Measles
3. Varicella, Pertussis, Coxsackie viruses, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus - 601. What are some concerns about the fact that some fetal blood escapes into maternal circulation? 2. What is this phenomenon called? 3. What is the necessary treatment? 4. Why is this phenomenon not common in the USA?1. If the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, it may stimulate an immune response in the mother. Her body may produce anti-Rh antibodies which can destroy the fetus' Rh+ blood cells.
2. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
3. HDN is lethal to the fetus without a transfusion
4. Pregnant women in the USA are given rhogam - 61What percentage of fetuses exposed to addictive substances demonstrate withdrawal symptoms?50-75%
- 62What protects the placenta from maternal or fetal immune responses?The syncytiotrophoblast of the chorionic villi lacks major histocompatibility antigens. Therefore, it does not evoke a rejection response.
- 63The placenta is sometimes characterized as an invasive tumor-like structure that invades the uterus. 1. The invasion of ________ ________ into the maternal uterus is a vital stage in the establishment of a pregnancy. 2. What is the result of an inadequate invasion?1. Extravillous trophoblast
2. Inadequate invasion can lead to poor placental perfusion and subsequently conditions such as pre-eclampsia - 641. Extravillous trophoblast invade and remodel ____________ and part of the myometrium. 2. How are these structures remodeled? 3. What can result from a failure to remodel?1. spiral endometrial arteries
2. EVT cells remove vascular smooth cells and endothelial cells from the arteries
3. Failure to remodel can cause IUGR, Pre-eclampsia, or miscarriage - 651. What is placental accreta? 2. What is placental percreta?1. Abnormal adherence of chorionic villi into the myometrium
2. When chorionic villi penetrate the full length of the myometrium or through to the perimetrium - 66UMBILICAL CORD 1. What can happen with a long umbilical cord? 2. What can happen with a short umbilical cord? 3. ____ ____ occur in 1% of pregnancies1. Long cords can prolapse or coil around the fetus
2. Short cords can cause premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
3. true knots - 671. What is a Umbilical Artery Doppler? What does it measure? 2. What is IUGR associated with? 3. What is a color flow doppler and what does it measure?1. Umbilical Artery Doppler is an technique that investigates pregnancy complications such as IUGR and fetal distress due to hypoxia
2. IUGR can be associated with increased resistance in an umbilical artery
3. The color flow doppler is a technique that allows the visualization of the position and any structural abnormalities in the umbilical cord and its vessels - 681. One in ____ newborns are born with only one umbilical artery. 2. Absence of an umbilical artery increases the risk of ______ and ______ abnormalities.1. 200
2. chromosomal, fetal - 691. Where is amniotic fluid initially derived from? 2. Where does amniotic flow from? where does it flow to? 3. Prior to the keratinization of skin, how does fluid from the fetus exit to the amniotic cavity?1. Amniotic fluid is initially derived from maternal tissue
2. Amniotic fluid diffuses across amniochorionic membrane from decidua parietalis. It also comes from diffusion of fluid from blood in the intervillous space.
3. Fluid from the fetus passes to amniotic cavity through the skin - 70Describe the circulation of amniotic fluidThe fetus swallows amniotic fluid.
It is absorbed by respiratory and digestive tracts
It passes to the fetal bloodstream
Waste products cross the placental membrane - 711. What is oligohydramnios? 2. What is it commonly due to? What else can lead to oligohydramnios? 3. What is an obstructive uropathy? 4. What can oligohydramnios cause?1. Oligohydramnios is the low volume of amniotic fluid
2. It is commonly due to placental insufficiency with diminished blood flow.
It can also be due to premature rupture of membranes (PROM). It can also be due to an obstructive uropathy
3. When urine doesn't drain and it backs up
4. Oligohydramnios can cause pulmonary hypoplasia and limb defects - 721. What is the absence of amniotic fluid called? 2. What can cause this? 3. In its absence, what is the fetus at risk for?1. Anhydramnios
2. Renal agenesis or premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
3. Absence of amniotic fluid removes a large protection against infection - 731. Describe Amniotic Band Syndrome 2. What is the incidence and recurrence risk?1. The amnion tears; strips of amnion attach to the developing fetus
2. Incidence = 1/200
Low recurrence risk - 741. What is the function of the yolk sac? 2. Where does blood development originally occur? 3. What happens to the yolk sac endoderm during the head and tail folding? What is the developmental destiny of the resulting structure? 4. What class of cells are initially present in endodermal lining of the yolk sac wall? Where do they migrate to?1. The yolk sac transfers nutrients to the developing embryo in the early weeks while the maternal-fetal placental circulation is being established
2. Blood development initially occurs in extraembryonic mesoderm covering the wall of the yolk sac
3. Yolk sac endoderm is incorporated into embryo as the primordial gut. This gives rise to the epithelial lining for trachea, bronchi, lungs, and digestive tract
4. Primordial germ cells appear in endodermal lining of the yolk sac wall. They eventually migrate to the developing sex glands - 75NEONATOLOGY Name the following acronyms and what measurement (in grams) they are associated with. NBW LBW VLBW ELBWNBW - normal birthweight >2500g
LBW - low birthweight <2500g
VLBW - very low birthweight <1500g
ELBW - extremely low birth weight <1000g - 76NEONATOLOGY What terms do we use to characterize growth?Below 10th percentile on growth curve
IUGR
SGA
Above 95th percentile on growth curve
Macrosomia - 77NEONATOLOGY What are some causes and associations of premature birth? (6 items mentioned in lecture)1. Multiple births and/because of
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
2. Maternal illness: prior to pregnancy (hypertension; obesity), during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia)
3. Uterine anomalies or cervical anomalies
4. Socioeconomic disadvantage and/or lifestyle factors
5. Infection (and ELGAN's?)
6. Genetics - 78What are some major complications of premature birth? (9 items) What increases chance of survival?1. Death
2. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
3. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
4. Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
5. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
6. Behavioral, learning, and social disorders
7. Brain Injury
8. Infection
9. Long-term neurodevelopmental impairment
Chances of survival are greater the closer the fetus is to term - 791. What leads to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)? 2. What is the current treatment?1. Lung collapse, inability to exchange gas, death
2. Positive airway pressure and surfactant - 801. This condition may follow Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)? It may occur due to damage caused by respirator and long term use of oxygen. 2. In ELBW's, what is this condition associated with?1. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
2. BPD is associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome - 811. What is an intraventricular hemorrhage? (IVH) 2. At what gestational age is it most likely? 3. What is a large IVH associated with? What treatment is required for this?1. Bleeding in the brain's ventricular system
2. Less than 32 weeks
3. Hydrocephalus; needs a ventriculoperitoneal shunt
A large IVH is also a contributor to poor neurodevelopmental outcome following pre-term birth - 821. What condition is characterized by injury to white matter of the brain? 2. What causes this? 3. This condition is a contributor to what neurological disorder? 4. This condition has a strong association with ______ _______.1. Periventricular Leukomalacia
2. Cause unknown
3. Cerebral palsy
4. Maternal/fetal/neonatal infection - 831. What is Necrotizing Enterocolotis? 2. What is the mortality rate? 3. What medical interventions might be necessary? 4. More common in _____ and _____.1. Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the direct invasion of intestinal wall by bacteria leading to death of intestines
2. 30%
3. May require surgical removal of portions of intestine
4. More common in IUGR and ELGAN - 84What are some NICU services and care methods? (9 mentioned in class)IV Fluids
Parenteral Nutrition (IV nutrition)
Nasogastric Feeding (Breast milk, donor milk, formula)
Hypercaloric breast milk/formula
Supplemental oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure, mechanical ventilation
Antibiotics
Transfusion of blood products
Support of Cardiac Function
Surgery (Ligation of patent ductus arteriosus, NEC surgery, congenital malformations) - 85What are some short-term outcomes which predict long-term outcomes? (6 mentioned in lecture)1. Severe intraventricular hemorrhage
2. Periventricular Leukomalacia
3. Severe retinopathy of prematurity
4. Hearing Loss
5. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
6. Survival without morbidity - 86What are some long-term morbidities of surviving ELBW's? (10 mentioned in lecture)1. Mental retardation (~20%)
2. Cerebral Palsy (~9-15%)
3. Cognitive impairment (~50%)
4. Visual impairment
5. Hearing impairment
6. Asthma
7. Learning disorders
8. Behavioral problems
9. School problems
10. Small size/failure to thrive
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- Human Reproductive and Developmental Biology Flashcards on Repro Exam 6, created by Ana Sarmiento on 04/12/2017.
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