Flashcards
Conservation Bio Final Review
Cards in this deck (44)
- 13 Main Goals1.) Document full biodiversity on Earth
2.) Investigate human impact
3.) Develop approaches to prevent, protect, and restore - 25 Ethical Principles1.) Diversity of ecosystems & species should be preserved.
2.) Untimely extinction should be prevented
3.) Ecological complexity should be maintained
4.) Evolution should continue
5.) Biodiversity has intrinsic value - 3Muir's Preservationist Ethic*Spiritual values superior to material value
*Intrinsic value
*Other species have equal place with people - 4Pinchot's Resource Conservation Ethic*Proper use of world is what will further greatest good for longest time
*Sustainable development
*Use resources with efficiency - 5Leopold's Land Ethic*Maintain health of ecosystems
*Use of natural resources should be compatible with biodiversity - 6Ecosystem Management*Combines ideas of Leopold and Pinchot
*Highest priority on cooperation - 7Defining A Species1.) Morphological definition--distinct in some important characteristic
2.) Biological--can potentially breed among themselves in wild
3.) Evolutionary--Share unique similarities of DNA and evolutionary past - 8Alpha, Gamma, and Beta Diversity*Alpha--number species in certain community
*Gamma--number species in a large region or on a continent
*Beta--rate of change of species composition along a gradient - 9Trophic Levels*Primary producers
*Primary consumers
*Secondary consumers
*Decomposers & Detritivores
*Disease-Causing Organisms - 10Assigning Economic Value to Biodiversity1.) Marketplace value
2.) Value provided by unharvested resources in natural state
3.) Future Value of Resources - 11Ecosystem Services*Climate Regulation
*Waste Treatment
*Species Relationships
*Environmental Monitors
*Water and soil protection - 124 Categories of Ecosystem Services1.) Provisioning (harvest, use)
2.) Regulating (flood control, environment)
3.) Cultural (spiritual, educational)
4.) Supporting (photosynthesis, foundational) - 13Environmental EthicsEthical value of natural world
- 146 Ethical Arguments for Preserving Biodiversity1.) Each species has a right to exist, we have moral responsibility to protect species
2.) All species are interdependent, interact in complex ways
3.) People have responsibility to act as Stewards of the Earth
4.) People have a duty to their neighbors
5.) Have a responsibility to future generations
6.) Respect for human life & diversity is compatible with respect for biodiversity, environmental justice movement - 156 Parts of Enlightened Self-Interest1.) Aesthetic & recreational enjoyment
2.) Artistic expression & philosophical insight
3.) Scientific knowledge
4.) Historical understanding
5.) Religious inspiration
6.) Protect our life-support systems & economy - 16Simpson's Diversity value & Jacquard index*Higher Simpson's D=less diversity
*Higher Jacquard=more similarity - 173 Things that make a Species Rare1.) Live in narrow geographical range
2.) Occupies only one or few specialized habitats
3.) Found only in small populations - 185 Categories for Vulnerability to Extinction1.) Narrow geographical range
2.) Only one or a few populations
3.) Small population size
4.) Declining population size
5.) Hunted or harvested by people - 197 Threats to Biodiversity1.) Habitat destruction
2.) Habitat fragmentation
3.) Degradation
4.) Global climate change
5.) Overexploitation
6.) Invasion of exotic species
7.) Increased spread of disease - 203 Population Effects of Fragmentation1.) Limits dispersal and colonization
2.) Restrict access to food & mates
3.) Division of Populations - 214 Edge Effects1.) Microclimate changes
2.) Increased incidence of fire
3.) Interspecies interaction
4.) Potential for disease - 224 Things Affect Species Richness & Abundance1.) Size of fragment
2.) Distance to another fragment
3.) Amount of edge
4.) Matrix - 234 Matrix Effects1.) Dispersal-matrix type mediates species ability to move
2.) Habitat compensation-different matrix types provide more food & resources
3.) Edge Contrast-more dissimilar matrix types mean increased negative impact
4.) Disturbance-Different matrices have different levels of human activity - 24MSY (Max Sustainable yield)*Y max=rK/4 (r=growth rate, K=carrying capacity)
*Want maintain population by find where max point of growth is (middle)
*Assumes r and K constant but are not
*Migratory populations not always included, not equally likely to reproduce - 253 Disease Principles1.) High contact between host & parasite
2.) Indirect effects of habitat destruction can increase susceptibility
3.) Species in contact with those they aren't normally in conservation areas - 264 Ways to Reduce Spread of Disease1.) Organisms need to be inspected & treated
2.) Reduce interaction of endangered species with domestics & humans
3.) Monitor endangered species
4.) Appropriate living conditions needed - 27Small Populations more susceptible b/c:1.) Loss of genetic variability
2.) Demographic fluctuations
3.) Environmental fluctuations - 283 Effects of Reduced Genetic Variability1.) Inbreeding Depression
2.) Outbreeding Depression
3.) Loss of evolutionary flexibility - 293 Factors that determine Effective Population Size1.) Unequal sex ratio
2.) Variation in reproductive output
3.) Population fluctuations & bottlenecks - 302 Conservation Paradigms1.) Small population--highly endangered, already low population, prevent extinction
2.) Declining population-identify problems before a crisis, keep ecosystems in tact - 313 Ways to Establish New Populations1.) Reintroduction-release into suitable site where no species of it are present
2.) Reinforcement-release into existing population
3.) Introduction-release to suitable areas outside natural range - 325 Captive Breeding Methods1.) Cross-fostering
2.) Artificial Incubation
3.) Artificial Insemination
4.) Embryo transfer
5.) Genome resource bank (GRB) - 338 Limitations of Ex Situ Conservation1.) Expensive
2.) Need large population size
3.) Animals would need to adapt
4.) Need to learn natural skills
5.) Limited genetic variability
6.) Need continuous funds
7.) Concentrated population
8.) Some animals breed too easily - 345 Goals of Ecosystem Preservation1.) Establish protected areas
2.) Create networks of protected areas
3.) Manage areas effectively
4.) Implement conservation
5.) Restore biological communities - 35Classifications of Protected Areas1.) Strict nature reserve
2.) Wilderness area
3.) National parks
4.) Natural monuments
5.) Habitat/species management area
6.) Protected landscape/seascape
7.) Managed resource protected area - 363 Criteria for Establishing Conservation Priorities1.) Distinctiveness--many endemics, unusual
2.) Endangerment--imminent threat
3.) Utility--presently or potentially, culture - 373 Steps to Creating Protected Areas1.) Establish priorities for conservation
2.) Identify high priority areas
3.) Select new areas by filling in gaps and developing networks - 384 Types of Species Approach1.) Focal species--impetus to protect area
2.) Indicator species--associated with community, gives indication of success
3.) Flagship species--charismatic megafauna
4.) Umbrella species--flagship & indicator, extends protection to community - 39Hotspot Approach*Protect areas with high species richness
*Biodiversity indicators - 40Ecosystem Approach*Target ecosystems & biological communities
*Representative sites
*Biomes - 416 Steps of Gap Analysis1.) Compile data into conservation units
2.) Identify goals
3.) Review existing conservation areas
4.) Identify additional areas needed
5.) Implement management plans
6.) New protected areas monitored - 424 Limitations of Protected Areas1.) Rocks & ice syndrome--scenically beautiful but not most diverse
2.) Size principle--bigger land=more species
3.) "Paper parks"--park on paper not enough resources to sustain
4.) Fences & fines--land use rules restrictive so lose effectiveness - 434 R's of Reserve Design1.) Representation--as many features of biodiversity as possible
2.) Redundancy--enough of each aspect
3.) Resiliency--large enough maintain all aspects biodiversity
4.) Reality--sufficient lands, politics, funds - 444 Issues of Reserve Design1.) Size/shape--bigger area is more diverse, round has less edge
2.) Matrix--how land around reserve is used
3.) Buffer zones--areas around protection
4.) Connecting--via corridors
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- Conservation Biology Flashcards on Conservation Bio Final Review, created by Taylor Campbell on 11/12/2017.
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- Taylor Campbell
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