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Flashcards by Tamara Majevadia, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Tamara Majevadia
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What was Henry's style of government? | Liked to have an overview of his government but he was happy to let others do the mundane work for him |
| Why was there a major overhaul of relations between Crown and Parliament? | Henry's personal matter of a son to succeed him |
| What was the position of Parliament before the 1530s? | Didn't really differ to that of his father It two main functions remained |
| When did Henry summon Parliament before 1529? (4) | 1510 1512 1515 1523 |
| What was Wolsey's approach to Parliament? | Seems to have regarded Parliament with some distaste and only one parliament was called during his period of dominance - 1523 |
| What was the 1510 Parliament for? | Abolished the Council Learned in Law |
| What was the 1512 Parliament for? | Revenue for invasions in France and Scotland Anticlerical Act restricting benefits of the clergy |
| What was the 1515 Parliament for? | Anticlerical Act restricting benefits of the clergy not renewed |
| What was the 1523 Parliament for? | Revenue for invading France |
| What was the 1529 Parliament for? | Reformation Parliament |
| What was the 1536 Parliament for? | Enact a new Succession Act |
| What was the 1539 Parliament for? | Revenue because of the threat of an invasion Divergent religious legislation |
| What was the 1542 and 1545 Parliaments for? | Extraordinary revenue |
| What was the difference between Wolsey and Cromwell's approach to Parliament? | Wolsey was reluctant to use Parliament whereas Cromwell exploited its legislative possibilities thoroughly. |
| Why did governance via councils break down? | Didn't like that his senior councillors were against war with France Henry became increasingly his own man by asserting his right to control decisions Henry surrounded himself with like-minded young courtiers Became increasingly impressed by Wolsey |
| What happened with the Privy Chamber under Wolsey? | The King's minions became Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and it was clear that they distrusted Wolsey. In 1519 Wolsey secured the removal of them from the Privy Chamber, but most managed to recover their positions - so it retained its prestige and influence. It was the only part of gov that was out of Wolsey control |
| What did Wolsey do with the Court of Chancery? | Used the court to uphold fair justice Used them to deal with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left in wills |
| What was the problem with this approach to the Court of Chancery? | It became too popular and justice was slow since it became clogged up with too many cases |
| What was the Court of Star Chamber? | Established by Act of Parliament in 1487, became the centre of government and justice under Wolsey. |
| What did Wolsey do with the Court of Star Chamber? | Extended the use of it in 1516 for cheap and fair justice. Cases of alleged misconduct in localities and private lawsuits |
| What was a result of this approach? | Proved too successful and Wolsey had to set up a series of overflow tribunals. A permanent committee was set up in 1519 whose job was to deal with cases of the poor |
| How did Wolsey use subsidies? | Subsidies was the most effective way to raise extraordinary revenue. Wolsey made a signficant change to the way they were collected - he set up a national committee which he headed himself |
| How was this a change? | It was a change to the local commissioners who assess taxpayers wealth, instead there were direct and realistic assessments of the wealth of taxpayers. This meant there was a more realistic revenue base |
| When was this method used to raise revenue? | Raised extraordinary revenue for war in France - but it was insufficient |
| What was the Amicable Grant? | 1525 Raise more money for the war in France It was a heavy tax levied without Parliament's approval and had widespread resistance |
| What were the Eltham Ordinances? | 1526 Reform the finances of the Privy Council Pushed forward to reduce royal household expenditure and reduce the number of Gentleman of the Privy Chamber |
| What was the significance of the Eltham Ordinances? | Reflected Wolsey's feat that the Amicable Grant might make him so unpopular that he would be in danger of losing his political influence over Henry VIII. |
| What was the King's Great Matter? | Henry required Wolsey to secure a papal dispensation for the annulment of his marriage to Catherine so that he could marry Anne Boleyn and hopefully solve his matter of getting a male heir |
| Give evidence to show how desperate Henry was to gain a male heir? | He was considered legitimating his son Henry Fitzroy |
| What was the justification of the annulment for Henry? | Book of Leviticus contained a prohibition on a man marrying his brother's widow |
| What was the problem with this argument? | Catherine claimed that her marriage to Prince Arthur was never consummated, therefore the biblical ban did not apply |
| What was the implication for the Pope in this matter? | In normal circumstances the Pope might have been prepared to issue a dispensation for annulment for the right fee, but Pope Clement VII could not as Rome on 6 May 1527 had been sacked by troops and the Pope was effectively Emperor Charles V prisoner. The Emperor was Catherine's nephew |
| How did Wolsey try to combat the problem? | In May 157 he used his power as the personal representative of the Pope to bring Henry before a fake court and accuse him of living in sin with is supposed wife - Henry readily admitted. |
| How did Catherine respond? | Catherine refused to accept the court's verdict and in accordance with canon law appealed to the Pope |
| How did the Pope respond? | After two years of fruitless diplomacy the Pope sent Cardinal Campeggio to hear the case along with Wolsey. The hearing opened on 15 June 1529 but Campeggio adjourned it on 30 July |
| How did Wolsey fall from power? | He was unpopular for forcing the 1523 subsidy through Parliament and the Amicable Grant. October 1529 he was charged with praemunire and surrendered himself |
| When was Wolsey arrested and when did he die? | He was arrested on 4 November 1530 and was meant to be executed but died on 29 November. |
| What was the period of Wolsey's dominance? | 1514-1529 |
| What happened after the fall of Wolsey? | Conciliar government continued for nearly 3 years |
| What brought conciliar government to an end? | Emergence of Thomas Cromwell |
| What was Cromwell's proposal to solve the King's Great Matter? | Suggested that Henry make a break with Rome and place himself as head of an English Church. |
| When did Cromwell become chief minister? | 1532 |
| How was the divorce and the break with Rome accomplished? | Through the use of statute law whose supremacy over canon law was firmly established |
| The weakness of the Catholic Church made it easier for Cromwell. How was the Church weaker? | Weakened by humanist criticisms of Colet and Erasmus Church's claims to legal supremacy had been challenged in 1528 Henry was supplied for more intellectual justifications through the Collectanea Satis Copiosa |
| What was the Collectanea Satis Copiosa? | documents by Cranmer and Foxe which looked to justify the king's divorce on the basis of legal and historical principles |
| When was the clergy collectively accused of praemunire and fined? | 1531 |
| What was the significance of this? | began a sustained attack on the clergy and forced them to acknowledge that the kind was Protector and Supreme Head of the English Church |
| When was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates? | 1532 |
| What was the significance of this? | Designed to increase pressure on the papacy by withholding the first years income from the office of bishop |
| When did the House of Commons issue the supplication against the ordinaries? | 1532 |
| What was the significance of this? | Designed to increase anticlerical pressures within the House of Commons. Against the abuses of ordinary jurisdiction |
| When was the formal submission of the clergy to Henry VIII? | 1532 |
| What was the significance of this? | provoked the resignation of Sir Thomas More as Lord Chancellor. |
| How did Anne Boleyn force the annulment issue? | Agreed to have sexual relations with Henry in the hope that by becoming pregnant she would force him to take decisive action. This would require open defiance of the Pope by Henry and the Church |
| How was the issue eased for Henry? | Death of William Warham who was replaced by Thomas Cranmer who received authority from Rome but would become a leader of the Reformation. |
| When was it known that Anne was pregnant? | December 1532 |
| When did the couple marry in secret? | 25 January 1533 |
| When was the former marriage between Henry and Catherine annulled? | May 1533 by Archbishop Cranmer |
| When was Elizabeth born? | 7 September 1533 |
| When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals? | Drafted by Cromwell in April 1533 |
| What was the Act of Restraint of Appeals? | Declared that the monarch possessed an imperial jurisdiction not subject o any foreign power (papacy) Declared that appeals could not be made to Rome (meant Catherine could not appeal) |
| When was the Act of Supremacy? | November 1534 |
| What was the Act of Supremacy? | Gave legislative force to the royal supremacy Stated that the King is the Supreme Head of the Church of England Accomplished the break with Rome |
| When was the Act of Succession? | April 1534 |
| What was the Act of Succession? | Declared that Henry's marriage to Catherine was void Succession should be vested in the children from Anne Deny Henry's marriage to Anne was treason Oath taken to affirm an individuals acceptance of the new marriage |
| When was the Treason Act? | November 1534 |
| What was the Treason Act? | This act was tightened so that treason could be committed by the spoken word as well as by a deed |
| When was the Act of Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown? | November 1534 |
| What was the Act of Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown? | Annates paid by a bishop which were intolerable when paid to the Pope were now acceptable when paid to the King. It increased the financial burden on the clergy and strengthened the royal supremacy over the Church |
| When was the dissolution of the monasteries? | 1536 to 1542 |
| What was important about it? | ensured that a vast amount of church lands was confiscated by the Crown and increased the wealth and power of the Crown. But it was short-lived as much of it was granted away or sold below the market price to raise money for foreign policy |
| How did Anne Boleyn fall from being Queen? | relations with Cromwell and Anne publically broke down Cromwell persuaded Henry that Anna had committed adultery She was accused of treason and executed |
| When was Anne executed? | 19 May 1536 |
| How was this important for Henry? | In the eyes of Catholics, Henry was now seen as a widower and was free to marry again |
| How did Cromwell fall from power? | After the death of Jane Seymour giving birth to Edward in 1537 Cromwell tried to reconcile Henry with the League of Schmalkalden by arranging a marriage with Anne of Cleves |
| What was the consequence of the marriage with Anne of Cleves? | Match was unsuitable for Henry personally and unwelcome politically. The marriage was quickly annulled and destroying Cromwell's credibility |
| How and when did Cromwell die? | Accused of treason and executed on 28 July 1540 |
| When did Henry marry Catherine Howard? | 30 July 1540 |
| What happened after the fall of Cromwell? | conciliar government was restored |
| Why was conciliar government difficult? | Saw the emergence of a Privy Council with fixed membership supported by a secretary who kept a formal record of proceedings. |
| Why was Catherine Howard executed? | Allegations of an affair between Catherine and Thomas Culpepper. |
| When was Catherine Howard executed? | 13 February 1542 |
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