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Anatomy sheets 1-2.33

Dolu Falowo Foundations 2 English 57 cards

Describe the fascia layers of the neck

Cards in this deck (57)

  1. 1Where is the densest bone?Petrous part of the temporal bone
  2. 2How can the skeleton be divided?Axial: skull, ribs and vertebrae
    Appendicular: lower/upper limbs and their girdle that connect them to the axial skeleton
  3. 3Functions of the skeleton?-Locomotion
    -Movement
    -Protection of vulnerable viscera (brain, heart and lungs)
  4. 4What are smooth articular surfaces? What are they covered by?-They make direct contact with another bone in a synovial joint
    -Covered by hyaline/articulating cartilage that is not vascular
  5. 5What are tendons and ligaments?Tendons: attach bones to skeletal muscles
    Ligaments: stabilise moveable joints (connects 2 bones)
  6. 6Are ligaments, tendons or articular cartilage seen on plain-film radiographs or X-rays? If not what else can be used?-Only the mineralised material shows
    -They are not seen, but appear as a gap between adjacent bones
    -MRI scans should be used to see these soft tissues
  7. 7How are tendons formed?-Collagen fibres in perimysium and epimysium are consilidated to form a dense irregular (non elastic) connective tissue structure that maximises efficiency of muscle contraction moving a bone
  8. 8What is a aponeurosis?A type of very thin flat sheet of tendon that attaches flattened muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdominal wall
  9. 9How are ligaments formed?From tightly packed collagen bundles arranged in parallel so they can respond to stress in 1 direction
  10. 10What is superficial fascia?-Subcutaneous connective tissue that lies underneath and merges with the dermis of the skin
    -Fibrous fatty tissue
    -Consists of fibroblasts, aqueous matrix, elastin and collagen fibres, fat and macrophages
  11. 11What is deep fascia?-Covers and en-sheaths muscles
    -Helps to attach muscles to bones
    -Provides attachment for intermuscular septa which partition muscle groups
    -Mainly fibrous but can also contain sparse fat and fluid
  12. 12What is retinacula?Particularly thick deep fascia near the wrist and ankle. Forms tough fibrous bands
  13. 13What is the structure of dense fascia in the limbs/neck? Function of dense fascia in the limbs?-Forms non-expansile sleeves which invest groups of muscles in different layers allowing them to move over each other with minimal friction
    -Help with venous return, esp in the legs
  14. 14What are bursae?-Sacs lined with synovial membrane (smooth membrane) and are filled with fluid
    -Found wherever tendons rub against bones, ligaments or other tendons
    -Allow skin to move easily over bony prominences
  15. 15Are tendons and ligaments vascularised? Implications?No
    They heal slowly. When damaged, rest is needed
  16. 16Examples of sites where superficial fascia is firmly/loosely attached Consequences of loosely attached superficial fascia?Firm: palms of feet/hands, neck
    Loose: rest of the body eg. elbows, scalp
    It is easy to tear and infection can spread further
  17. 17Areas where fatty deposition is thick/thin? Why is this of clinical relevance?Thick: abdomen, thights
    Thin: forearm, hands/feet, neck, scalp
    Important for subcutaneous injections of lipid soluble medications. Greater thickness=more vasculature leading to greater absorption
  18. 18Function of retinacula-Holds tendons in place during joint movement
    -Allows particular movement
  19. 19Where is the fascia lata?Deep fascia of the thigh, buttock and leg apart from the anterior surfaces of tibia/groin
  20. 20Advantages/disadvantages of compartments?+vital in leg for venous return
    +movement can be exponential
    -inflammation/swelling can spread through the tissue since the intracellular septum is inelastic
    -compression of blood vessels can occur causing ischaemia/damaging nerves (compartment syndrome)
  21. 21What is in the carotid sheath? Most medial/lateral?Common carotid artery -medial
    Vagus nerve
    Internal jugular vein (most lateral)
    Cervical lymph nodes
  22. 22Describe the fascia layers of the neckDescribe the fascia layers of the neck
  23. 23Give an examples of a: -long bone -short bone -flat bone -irregular boneLong: femur, humerus
    Short: carpals, tarsals
    Flat: scapula, cranium
    Irregular: vertebrae, mandible
  24. 24Location of sealed bursae What structures do they separate?Elbows, shoulders, hips and around the patella
    Separates bones/tendons and ligaments/muscles
  25. 25What are adventitious bursae? What is a synovial sheath?They develop in response to abnormal and excessive friction
    Tubular bursa surrounding a tendon
  26. 26What is a sesamoid bone? Examples?When a bursa does not provide sufficient protection against friction
    Patella, little sesamoid bones in the metatarsals
  27. 27Injury to the back of the throat can allow entry of pus, blood or air into the retropharyngeal space. Where can this spread to?Oesophagus (leads to dysphagia) or trachea (dyspnoea- difficulty breathing)
  28. 28What is tendonitis? Cause?Inflammation of the tendon.
    Repetitive movements, sports (achilles- lunging sports and patella- basketball)
  29. 29What is bursitis? Cause?Swollen/inflammation of bursa
    Injury, repetitive movements
  30. 30Why do ligament tears take 1 year for normal function to return after surgery?-Graft needs to be incorporated into the bone
    -Healing phases: early graft healing phase, phase of proliferation, and ligamentisation phase
  31. 31What are pressure sores?Localised damage to skin/underlying tissue where there are bony prominences (shoulder blade, tail bone, elbows and heel)
    -Occur in elderly hospital patients who are immobile
  32. 32What are joints? Different types?-Articulations between adjacent bones
    -Must be able to resist dislocation by the forces which they are subjected to (joint stability)
    -Fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial joints (least stable but allow most movement)
  33. 33What must be present for movement to occur in the musculoskeletal system?-Skeletal muscle must cross the joint
    -When it contracts, one articulating bone is pulled over the other
  34. 34What is the: -fulcrum -load arm -force arm?Fulcrum: point where level rotates eg. a joint
    Load arm: part of the lever between the fulcrum and the load eg. body weight/external resistance
    Force arm: part of lever between fulcrum and force applied (usually applied via muscular contraction)
  35. 35Describe first class levers-Fulcrum is between the load arm and force arm
    -Used for balancing weight, changing direction of pull
    -Rarely any mechanical advantage    Describe first class levers
  36. 36Describe second class levers-Fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the applied force is at the other
    -Allows large loads to be moved but slowly    Describe second class levers
  37. 37Describe third class levers-Force is applied between the fulcrum and load which are at opposite ends
    -Less weight is moved but at a faster speed
    -Most common type in the body    Describe third class levers
  38. 38What does losing stability of a joint cause? Define themDislocation: When 2/more normally opposing joint surfaces no longer have contact with each other
    Sublaxation: Disruption of a joint s that normally opposing joint surfaces have a space between them (ie. partial dislocation)
  39. 39Difference between primary and secondary cartilagenous joints?Primary: bones are united with hyaline cartilage, which occur temporarily during bone growth between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones (disappears in adulthood)
    Secondary: bones connected by fibrocartilage and occur down the axis of the body. Allow restricted movement
  40. 40What do all synovial joints consist of?-Articulating surfaces
    -Joint cavity
    -Articular capsule surrounding them
    -Associating structures: articular labrum, bursae, strengthening ligaments, articular discs
  41. 41What does the degree of movement depend on? What is the degree of mobility reduced by?-Shape of articulating surfaces
    -Bony processes and soft tissues surrouding the joint, additional ligaments, tension of the articular capsule, tone of muscles around it
  42. 42What happens when muscles are paralysed?Ligaments stretch and joint becomes deformed
  43. 43What type of joint exists between bones of the skull of an infant and not an adult?Fontanelles
    -Comprised of sutures
    -Provides flexibility to the skull allowing bones to push closer together or overlap slightly during birth
  44. 44Examples of secondary cartilagenous joints?-Manubriosternal joint (where angle of Louis is)
    -Intervertebral discs
    -Pubic symphysis
  45. 45Describe a hinge joint Example?Allows back and forth movement eg. flexion and extension at the elbowDescribe a hinge joint Example?
  46. 46Describe a plane joint Example?The articulating surfaces are almost flat and the bones slide over each other
    Acromioclavicular joint    Describe a plane joint Example?
  47. 47Describe a trochoid/pivot joint Example?1 element resembles a peg and is held against the other element allowing rotation
    Atlantoaxial joint    Describe a trochoid/pivot joint Example?
  48. 48Describe a spheroidal/ball-and-socket joint Example?One of the articulating surfaces is rounded and the other concave, allowing a wide range of movement like circumduction
    Shoulder/hip    Describe a spheroidal/ball-and-socket joint Example?
  49. 49Describe a condyloid joint Example?Like a ball-and-socket but the extent of rotation is limited by shape, muscles and ligaments
    Metacarpopharyngeal joints    Describe a condyloid joint Example?
  50. 50Describe an ellipsoid jointModification of a spheroidal joint but allows little/no rotation as the articulating surfaces are ellipsoid rather than rounded
  51. 51Describe a sellar joint Example?Both articulating surfaces are saddle-shaped- concave in 1 direction and convex in the other
    Thumb- 1st carpometacarpal joint    Describe a sellar joint Example?
  52. 52Describe the synovial joint-Enclosed in a joint capsule separating the joint from surrounding tissues
    -Bones are lined with synovial membrane instead to articular cartilage
    -Synovial fluid is secreted
    -Capsule is reinforced by ligaments (intrinsic and accessory)
    -Sensory nerve supply prevents excessive movement of the joint + provides info about direction, rate and acceleration of movement
  53. 53How does articular cartilage of a synovial joint get nourishment?Diffuses from synovial fluid since it is avascular
  54. 54Function of nucleus pulposus in the spine? ... annulus fibrosus?Distributes hydraulic pressure in all directions within each intervertebral disc under compressible loads
    Withstands compressible forces
  55. 55What is Hilton's law?A nerve innervating muscles that act across a joint must also supply sensory fibres to that joint/skin
  56. 56What techniques can be used to view joints? In which situation is each suitable?X-rays: dislocations, fractures, osteoarthritis
    MRI: soft tissue injury
    Arthroscopy: knee/shoulders (minimally invasive, reduced scar tissue build-up)
  57. 57Signs of osteoarthritis?-Loss of joint space
    -Cyst formation
    -Osteophyte formation

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Description
Tendons, ligaments, Fascia, Bursae and Bones Overview of joints
Created by
Dolu Falowo
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