Flashcards
Chap 14- project management (2)
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1Disaster recovery managementneeded for unexpected events so that recovery can be completed as quickly and effectively as possible, minimising disruption to the organisation
- 2Risk assessmentinvolves identifying the potential risks to an organisation, analysing the potential impact to the organisation and the likelihood of each risk occurring. often carried out alongside a systematic process known as business impact analysis (BIA) which quantifies the impact of a disaster in terms of financial and non-financial costs
- 3Risk assessment can include potential hazards such as:- power cut
- fire
- flood
- denial of access to premises
- malware
- unauthorised access to data
- theft of data
- corruption of data
- loss of key personnel - 4Perpetratorspeople who deliberately cause problems
- 5Impacts could include:- loss of revenue
- damage to organisation's image
- penalty fees
- cost of recovery
- effect on other business activities - 6Overall risk to an organisation of each potential disaster/risk can now be quantified by:risk = Likelihood x Impact
- 7what to do when you lose key personnelif a person leaves, is suddenly ill, dies or has to be dismissed, then the organisation loses all of that person's knowledge which has not been documented. thus it's important to guard against personnel loss by requiring a key personnel to document procedures that they follow
- 8procedures of recovery management can include planning for:- restoration of backups
- replacement of hardware
- re installation of software
- emergency replacement of key personnel
- emergency office accomodation - 9Recovery Point Objective (RPO)the point in time prior to the disruption to which data must be recovered
- 10when planning for the recovery time, two key measurements should be considered:- maximum tolerable downtime (MTD): the maximum time that each business activity could tolerate not having access to their essential system functionality
- recovery time objective (RTO): the estimated maximum amount of time that the organisation or business activity has in which to recover its systems and resume operations - 11Recovery testingthis is particularly applicable to restoring data and systems. backed up data should be tested daily. full system restorations should be tested periodically by attempting to restore whole server backups onto a clean server and testing their success
- 12Prototypea 'mock-up' of a software or manufactured solution
- 13RADRapid Application Development
- 14Evolutionary/incremental prototypingtakes an iterative approach in that requirements are specified, an initial prototype is developed, the prototype is reviewed and then requirements are clarified and the prototype is improved based on feedback. end users may request enhanced or new features as the prototypes are developed
- 15Throwaway/rapid prototypingprototype will never become part of the final delivered software, but will be disclosed. a loosely working model is created following a short investigation, with the aim being to get something tangible to the client as soon as possible for feedback
- 16Advantages of pototyping- problems can be identified early during the process and modifications can be made before it becomes too costly
- requirements can be clarified and refined
- end users will be move involved in the process, giving them more ownership of the solution and providing valuable feedback
- for evolutionary prototyping, users can get used to parts of the system before using it as a whole
- by listening to feedback, developers have much better understanding of what the users are expecting and so a better quality solution will be provided - 17Disadvantages of prototyping- requirements analysis can be rushed, meaning prototypes don't reflect much of what the end users were expecting
- with rapid prototyping, the prototype can become rushed and may have significant design flaws or structural errors that carry through to the end solution
- when users see the prototype, they can often get new ideas for features which can lead to disappointment if they cannot be funded- this is called 'feature creep'
- users may have false expectations of the time scale; iterative process of feedback can last too long if the user is regularly wanting changes to be made
- the initial costs of developing a prototype are high compared with traditional designs - 18What is RAD?this uses prototyping to develop a system in a very short time frame (less than 6 months). requirements are gathered through focus groups. this is known as Joint Application Development (JAD) because the user is jointly involved with the development of the system. strict deadlines are allocated. RAD also tries to use modules of software that already exists
- 19Waterfall method
- 20Explanation of the waterfall methodthis gathers all the user requirements at the beginning of the project. during the design stage, the interface and structure of the system will be designed. during implementation (development), the system will be developed which involves programming. verification stage ensures the project meet the customer's requirements. changes/corrections made during the use is maintenance
- 21Disadvantages of the waterfall method- relies upon the requirements being clearly defined, which is unrealistic
- 22Advantages of RAD- high level of user involvement means the end solution is likely to be suitable for them
- users are often not sure of what the requirements of a system should be from the outset & so the evolutionary approach enables the requirements to evolve
- quick to recognise if a requirement is over-ambitious and thus the requirement can be simplified/removed at an early stage
- strict deadlines ensure the project will be completed on time and prevents 'feature creep'
- prototyping of the interface with user involvement means less time is spent on design and more on development
- software application frameworks mean that a user interface can be developed quickly and users can even be involved in configuring the layouts of screens and reports - 23Disadvantages of RAD- requirements are not clearly specified from the outset so the final solution may not meet the entire needs of the organisation
- users are required throughout the whole process
- structure of the system may be compromised, leading to instability, as the focus is on the user interface and getting a system developed rapidly
- strict deadlines mean that some parts of the project could be rushed
- existing software modules will not have been designed for the exact requirements and so may not provide sufficient functionality
- software application frameworks don't produce particularity efficient code and so the end solution will not run as quickly as if it had been developed from scratch
- users who are not involved in the JAD approach may be disappointed that they didn't have a say in the process and the system may not meet their specific needs - 24CADComputer Aided Design
- 25CAMComputer Aided Manufacture
- 26How does CAD work?CAD uses vector graphics to create objects in 2D or 3D. it is common to use 3D tools, which can be viewed from any angle and zoomed in our out. objects can be stretched, resized and moved and properties such as material and colour can be changed
- 27Object librariesthis is available within the CAD software so the user can select standard objects. for example when designing a house, an object library could include steel beams, walls, paving slabs, windows and doors
- 28Other applications for CAD/CAM- landscaping
- vehicle manufacturing
- textiles production
- carpentry
- manufacturing of components
- printed circuit boards - 29Benefits of CAD and CAM- expensive prototypes are not always necessary
- CAD drawings can be modified and enhanced without manufacturing cost
- a list of required materials can be produced from the CAD drawings automatically
- CAD models can be viewed from many angles and elements can be zoomed in/out
- components that have been designed once can be reused
- CAD requires fewer designers than traditional drafters so it's cheaper
- CAM enables products to be mass-produced consistently
- CAM is more precise than manufacturing by hand and can deal with tiny measurements
- manufacturer's drawings can be created seamlessly
- CAM removes the need for manual labour and so reduces costs - 30Drawbacks of CAD and CAM- both CAD and CAM have led to the loss of jobs and the need for reskilling of employees
- testing using a model never provides the same results as testing using the manufactured product
- 3D model isn't the same as walking through a real building or holding a real product
- CAD software is very complex so highly trained staff are required to use it
- initial costs of purchasing CAD software can be high
- designs developed with CAD will include errors made by the designer as the software is not intelligent enough to know when the wrong materials have been used
- designers are limited to using vector objects based on geometrical modelling
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- A level A LEVEL IT Flashcards on Chap 14- project management (2), created by Hyerin Cho on 18/01/2018.
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