Flashcards
Anatomy sheets week 3
Cards in this deck (57)
- 1Difference between forearm and armForearm extends from wrist to elbow
Arm extends from elbow to shoulder - 2What movements are present at these joints? -all joints -'many' joints -shoulder -elbow -wrist/elbowAll joints: flexion and extension
In 'many': abduction and adduction
Shoulder: rotation
Elbow: flexion and extension
Wrist/elbow: pronation and supination - 3Where do flexor muscles of the forearm come from? Where do the long and deep flexors of the digits go?Common flexor origin on the anterior surface of the medial epicondyle of the humerus (most medial 'bulge' at the end)
To the base of the terminal phalanx to flex the distal inter-phalangeal joint - 4Where do tendons from the hand pass through? Why? Where does this structure run from?Pass through the flexor retinaculum to prevent bowstringing.
Flexor retinaculum runs from the pisiform and hamate bones across the scaphoid and trapezium - 5What lies in the carpal tunnel?Median nerve and all long flexor tendons going to the fingers and thumb
- 6What happens if the median nerve becomes compressed?-Weakness and wasting of thenar muscles
-Paraesthesia over the thumb and radial 2.5 fingers - 7What is the common extensor origin?Lateral epicondyle on the anterior aspect of the humerus
Muscles run into the forearm, some next to the radius laterally and others next to the ulna medially - 8What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?Lateral border – The medial border of the brachioradialis muscle.
Medial border– The lateral border of the pronator teres muscle.
Superior border – An imaginary line between the epicondyles of the humerus.
Floor- brachialis and supinator muscle
Roof- bicipital aponeurosis - 9What are the contents of the cubital fossa?-Radial nerve
-Biceps tendon
-Brachial artery
-Median nerve - 10Anterior distal portion of humerus. Which part articulates with the radius and ulna?Trochlea- ulna
Capitulum- radius
- 11—Green- Olecranon
Yellow- Trochlear notch
Blue- Radial notch
Red- Coronoid process
- 12What is the radial tuberosity of the radius?Site of attachment for the biceps brachii muscle. It is lateral and proximal to the radial-humeral joint.
- 13What is the shape of the radial and ulna bone?Triangular
- 14What muscle attaches to the: -anterior surface of the ulna -lateral surface of the radiusPronator quadratus muscle
Pronator teres muscle - 15What muscles are responsible for flexion of the elbow? Nerve involved?-Brachialis
-Biceps brachii
-Brachioradialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
- 16What muscles are responsible for flexion of the elbow? Nerve involved?-Triceps brachii
-Anconeus
Radial nerve
- 17Muscles involved in pronation of the forearm (radius is rotated around the ulna)-Pronator quadratus
-Pronator teres
- 18Muscles involved in supination of the forearm (radius and ulna are in resting positions)-Supinator
-Biceps brachii
- 19The elbow is not as stable in children as it is in adults. Incomplete dislocation can occur (subluxation) of the head of the radius when lifting a child for example. This causes distal displacement of the radial head causing damage to a ring-like ligament around the neck of the radius. What is the ligament called? Why is the injury common in children?Annular ligament
The distal attachment is weaker and so is easily torn
- 20Where are the styloid processes of the radius and ulna?The part that articulates with the carpal bones
- 21What is the hypothenar and thenar eminence?
- 22What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox? (note medial/lateral refer to hand in anatomical position) -ulnar/medial border -radial/lateral border -proximal border -floor -roofUlnar (medial) border: Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus
Radial (lateral) border: Tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.
Proximal border: Styloid process of the radius.
Floor: Carpal bones; scaphoid and trapezium.
Roof: Skin.
- 23Contents of the anatomical snuffbow-Radial artery
-(branch of) Radial nerve
-Cephalic vein - 24Superficial muscles of anterior forearm
- 25Describe the ... for the flexor carpi ulnaris -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the medial epicondyle and attaches to the pisiform carpal bone
Actions: Flexion and adduction at the wrist
Innervation: Ulnar nerve - 26Describe the ... for the palmaris longus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the medial epicondyle, attaches to the flexor retinaculum of the wrist
Actions: Flexion at the wrist
Innervation: Median nerve - 27Describe the ... for the flexor carpi radialis -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the medial epicondyle, attaches to the base of metacarpals II and III
Actions: Flexion and abduction at the wrist
Innervation: Median nerve - 28Describe the ... for the pronator teres -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: 2 origins, one from the medial epicondyle, and the other from the coronoid process of the ulna. It attaches laterally to the mid-shaft of the radius
Actions: Pronation of the forearm
Innervation: Median nerve - 29What muscle is this? Describe its attachment, action and innervation (intermediate compartment of forearm)Flexor digitorum superficialis
Attachments: 2 heads – one originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the other from the radius. The muscle splits into four tendons at the wrist and attaches to the middle phalanges of the four fingers
Actions: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints at the 4 fingers, and flexes at the wrist
Innervation: Median nerve
- 30—
- 31Describe the ... for the flexor digitorum profundus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the ulna and associated interosseous membrane. At the wrist, it splits into four tendons, that attach to the distal phalanges of the four fingers.
Actions: Flex the distal interphalangeal joints and metacarpophalangeal joints and at the wrist.
Innervation: The medial half (acts on the little and ring fingers): ulnar nerve. Lateral half (acts on the middle and index fingers): anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve - 32Describe the ... for the flexor pollicis longus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the anterior surface of the radius, and surrounding interosseous membrane. Attaches to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
Actions: Flexes the interphalangeal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
Innervation: Median nerve (anterior interosseous branch). - 33Describe the ... for the pronator quadratus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the anterior surface of the ulna, and attaches to the anterior surface of the radius.
Actions: Pronates the forearm.
Innervation: Median nerve (anterior interosseous branch). - 34Superficial layer of posterial forearm
- 35Describe the ... for the brachioradialis -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the proximal aspect of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, and attaches to the distal end of the radius, just before the radial styloid process.
Actions: Flexes at the elbow.
Innervation: Radial nerve. - 36Describe the ... for the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: The ECRL originates from the supracondylar ridge, while the ECRB originates from the lateral epicondyle. Their tendons attach to metacarpal bones II and III.
Actions: Extends and abducts the wrist.
Innervation: Radial nerve. - 37Describe the ... for the extensor digitorum -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the lateral epicondyle and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger.
Actions: Extends medial four fingers at the MCP and IP joints.
Innervation: Radial nerve (deep branch). - 38Describe the ... for the extensor digiti minimi -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It attaches, with the extensor digitorum tendon, into the extensor hood of the little finger.
Actions: Extends the little finger, and contributes to extension at the wrist.
Innervation: Radial nerve (deep branch). - 39Describe the ... for the extensor carpi ulnaris -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and attaches to the base of metacarpal V.
Actions: Extension and adduction of wrist.
Innervation: Radial nerve (deep branch). - 40Describe the ... for the ancoeus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the lateral epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the olecranon.
Actions: Extends and stablises the elbow joint. Abducts the ulna during pronation of the forearm.
Innervation: Radial nerve. - 41—
- 42Describe the ... for the supinator -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: 2 heads of origin. One originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the other from the posterior surface of the ulna. They insert together into the posterior surface of the radius.
Actions: Supinates the forearm.
Innervation: Radial nerve (deep branch). - 43Describe the ... for the Abductor Pollicis Longus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the interosseous membrane and the adjacent posterior surfaces of the radius and ulna. It attaches to the lateral side of the base of metacarpal I.
Actions: Abducts the thumb.
Innervation: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch). - 44Describe the ... for the Extensor pollicis brevis -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane. It attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
Actions: Extends at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb.
Innervation: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch). - 45Describe the ... for the Extensor pollicis longus -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane. It attaches to the distal phalanx of the thumb.
Actions: Extends all joints of the thumb: carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal.
Innervation: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch). - 46Describe the ... for the Extensor Indicis Proprius -attachment -action -innervationAttachments: Originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane, distal to the extensor pollicis longus. Attaches to the extensor hood of the index finger.
Actions: Extends the index finger.
Innervation: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch). - 47—
- 48What is the general movement of the thenar muscles and what is their innervation?Fine movements of the thumb
Median nerve - 49What is their innervation?Ulnar nerve
- 50These are four lumbricals in the hand, each associated with a finger. Describe their attachments, action and innervationAttachments: Each lumbrical originates from a tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus and inserts into the extensor hood.
Actions: The flex at the MCP joint, and extend at the interphalangeal (IP) joints of each finger.
Innervation: The lateral two lumbricals: median nerve. The medial two lumbricals: ulnar nerve. - 51Describe the ... for the dorsal/palmar interossei -attachment -action -innervation -how many?Attachments: Each interossei originates from the lateral and medial surfaces of the metacarpals. They attach into the extensor hood and proximal phalanx of each finger.
Actions: Abduct the fingers at the MCP joint (dorsal) or adducts fingers at MCP joint (palmar)
Innervation: Ulnar nerve.
4 dorsal and 3 palmar - 52What is carpal tunnel syndrome?-Leads to compression of median nerve
-Caused by thickened ligaments and tendon sheaths
-Innervation is not lost
-Symptoms: numbness, tingling, pain that radiates to forearm - 53What is the characteristic position of the arm of a patient suffering from Erb’s palsy? Which nerve roots are affected?Hand is flexed back up. Affected limb hands limply and forearm is pronated
C5-6 - 54What is Colle's fracture? How is this different to Smiths fracture?Colles: Fracture of distal forearm caused by falling on an outstretched arm. Wrist and hand are placed posteriorly
Smiths: fracture caused by falling onto the back of the hand. The distal fragment is now placed anteriorly. - 55As the axillary nerve lies inferior to the shoulder joint, it is commonly damaged during dislocation of the shoulder. Apart from loss of sensation, what other functions would be affected?-Unable to extend forearm, wrist and fingers (wrist drop)
- 56How do you test damage to the ulnar nerve?Hand flat on table and test if the patient can abduct/adduct their fingers
- 57How can you test the median nerve?Thumb abduction (against resistance)