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Cattle parasitology 2

Rachael Jones Cross systems clinical veterinary science - CVS1 English 68 cards

Cards in this deck (68)

  1. 1What is the cause for Bovine fasciolosis in the UK?Fasciola hepatica
  2. 2What animals can the liver fluke fasciola hepatica infect?- Cattle, sheep, horses, rabbits, other grazing animals and humans
  3. 3In what countries is fasciola hepatica an important zoonosis?Egypt, Peru
  4. 4What should happen in the UK if you pick wild watercress?Boil it
  5. 5What is the intermediate snail host for the trematode Fasciola hepatica in the UK?Galba (Lymnaea) truncatula
  6. 6What other diseases for Fasciola hepatic increase the susceptibility to?1. Black disease
    2. Salmonella Dublin
    3. Bovine TB diagnostic test compromised in fluke-infected cattle
  7. 7What is Black disease?Necrotising hepatitis due to Clostridium novyi
    - Sudden death
    - In cattle of all ages
  8. 8What is the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica?1. Adult fluke in cattle
    2. Egg in faeces
    3. Miracidium
    4. Enters the snail
    5. Sporocyst
    6. Redia
    7. Cercaria
    8. Leave the snail
    9. Encyst on herbage
    9. Metacercaria
    10. Ingested by sheep
  9. 9How long does fasciola hepatica stay in the snail and how many times does it multiply?5 weeks to a few months, depending on temperature and moisture
    - Multiplication up to 500 times or more whilst in snail
  10. 10What is the pre-patent period of fasciola hepatica?PPP - 12 weeks
    (time between infected stage ingested to producing eggs)
  11. 11What are features of Fasciola hepatica eggs?- Golden yellow
    - Oval
    - Operculum - where Miracidium emerge
    - Heavy
  12. 12What do you have to do to diagnostically identify fasciola hepatica eggs?- Sedimentation technique
    - Use zinc sulphate as the fluid
  13. 13What is the tegument like on the adult?Spikey
  14. 14What are the clinical signs of bovine fasciolosis?- Weight loss
    - Anaemia
    - Sub-mandibular oedema (severe cases) due to hypoalbumaemia
    - Poor productivity
    - Reduction in milk yield
    - Chronic disease young cattle after first autumn at grass
    - Immunity in older cattle
    - Late autumn, winter
  15. 15What happens with sub-clinical infection in bovine fasciolosis?Dairy cattle:
    - reduced milk yield
    - changes in milk quality
    Young stock:
    - reduced feed conversion ratios,
    - poor growth
    - reduced carcase value
    - liver condemnation
  16. 16What effects does sub-clinical infection with bovine faciolosis cause?Health subtle, economic impact is considerable
  17. 17What happens to the bile duct in bovine fasciolosis?Thickened
  18. 18What is the pathophysiology of fasciolosis?1. Larval fasciola hepatica - migratory tracts - haemorrhage - anaemia
    2. Adult fasciola hepatica - blood sucking - anaemia
    - irritation by feeding, cuticular spines, excretions - haemorrage - anaemia
    - fibrosis - expulsion, resistance
  19. 19What is seen on pathology with fasciolosis?- Fibrosis and atrophy of ventral lobe of liver
    - Compensatory hypertrophy of dorsal lobe
    - Distension, fibrosis and calcification of bile ducts "pipe stem lesions/liver"
    - Dark green-black viscid or gritty bile
    - Adult fluke present
  20. 20What is the pathogenesis with fasciolosis?- Chronic non-suppurative cholangiohepatitis - lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages with green-brown pigment
    - Fibrosis in portal area - loss of parenchyma, biliary hyperplasia, dilation, fibrosis and calcification of bile ducts
  21. 21What is the epidemiology of fasciolosis?- Needs wet boggy areas for snails.
    - Can occur wherever is wet
    - Control be fencing and drainage but drainage is now discouraged (biodiversity)
    - Cattle grazing wet lands are particularly at risk
  22. 22What are the measurements of the shell of Galba truncatula?Height = 5-10mm
    Width = 2.5- 6mm
  23. 23When are the 2 periods when there is an increase amount of metacercariae on pasture?1. Summer infection of snails (more important) - metacercariae on pasture August - October
    2. Winter infection of snails - metacercariae on pasture May - June
  24. 24At what temperature will Galba truncatula start replicating?Above 10 degrees C
  25. 25How does summer infection of snails work?- Overwintered metacercariae levels on pasture
    - Snail infected from carrier animals or overwintered eggs
    - Cercariae developing in snails
    - Fresh metacercariae on pasture
  26. 26How does winter infection work?- Snail infected from carrier animals or overwintered eggs
    - Rediae and sporocyst develop
    - Snails hibernate
    - Cercariae develop in snail
    - Fresh metacercariae on pasture
  27. 27Is it possible to forecast liver fluke?Yes
  28. 28How can you liver fluke forecast?- NADIS
    - Based on rainfall, evapotranspiration and number of wet days per month
    - M=n(R-P +5)
    - Cumulative index: "Mt" value - not specific
    - >400 risk of fluke
    - <300 little risk of fluke
    - Not local factors
    - Previous system included snail counts and infected livers at abattoir
  29. 29Is the threat of fasciolosis threat improving or declining?Becoming more of a worry - climate change and wetness
  30. 30What does fasciolosis impact on?Health, welfare and productivity
  31. 31How can faecal egg counts be used as a diagnosis?- 10 gram sample by precipitation and inspection. 0.1 epg. Adult infection only
    - FLOTAC 1 epg
    - FLUKE FINDER (differential sieving)
    - Problem. Intermittent emptying of gall bladder means very variable egg counts
  32. 32What are the immunological tests that can be used for diagnosis?- Milk ELISA
    - Serum ELISA
    - Coproantigen ELISA
  33. 33What are the biochemical tests that can be used to test for liver damage caused by liver fluke?- Aspartase amino transferase
    - Glutamate dehydrogenase
  34. 34What is the treatment of liver fluke?1st choice - Triclabendazole. All ages
    - Nitroxynil. 6 weeks of age
    - Albendazole. adults
    - Clorsulon + ivermectin. adult fluke
    - No product licenced for use in lactating dairy cattle
    - Fasinex 240: permitted in dry period, 50 day withdrawal
  35. 35What is the issue with anthelmintic resistance?- Triclabendazole resistance
    - check for efficacy if suspected
  36. 36How can you manage resistance?- Change fasciolicide type
    - Otehr fasciolicides control triclabendazole resistant fluke
    - Problem: non have same range of activity against immature fluke
    - Cannot stop spread - deer and rabbits hosts
    - Try to reduce reliance on fasciolicides
    - Fence off boggy areas
  37. 37What are the 3 main tips for controlling liver fluke in cattle?1. Identify risk
    2. Treat appropriately
    3. Avoid drug resistance
  38. 38Give 4 main ectoparasites in cattle.Lice
    Mange
    Fly problems
    Ticks
  39. 39How can lice affect cattle?- Ubiquitous
    - Biting or sucking lice
    - Leather industry affected due to hides
    - Control using ivermectins
  40. 40Why is mange a problem?Burrowing and non-burrowing mites, highly pruritic
    - Kill by ivermectins
  41. 41Which fly has hopefully been eradicated from the UK?Warble fly
  42. 42What are the issues with flies?Major nuisance problem and involved in disease transmission; ear tags and sprays to control
  43. 43What are ticks involved in?Disease transmission (particularly Ixodes ricinus)
  44. 44Are lice a huge problem in cattle?No - but can treat to prevent things like hair loss
  45. 45What is chorioptic mange?Thickening of skin
  46. 46What is the cattle equivalent of sheep scab?Psoroptic mange
    - welfare concern
    - emerging problem
  47. 47What is the treatment of psoroptic mange in cattle?- Often fails to respond to macrocyclic lactones, licensed treatment
    - Successful = 4% permethrin pour-on
    - Increase frequency of treatment (3 treatments at 2 weekly intervals), under cascade
    - Removal and destruction of the scabs before treatment is advised (contain infective agents (mites and eggs))
  48. 48What is the main issue with flies?Disturbance and transmit diseases
  49. 49Give 4 different types of fly.1. Stomoxys calcitrans - stable fly
    2. 'Horseflies' tabanid biting flies: - Tabanus, Haematopota and Chrysops
    3. Musca autumnalis - face fly
    4. Haematobia irritans - horn fly
  50. 50What are the diseases that flies can transmit?- Summer mastitis - Hydrotaea irritans
    - Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    - Thelazia - eye worm
    - BVD virus
    - Bovine leucosis virus
    - Enteric infections eg Salmonella
  51. 51What can ticks (Ixodes ricinus) transmit?- Lyme disease
    - Babesiosis
    - Louping ill
    - Q-fever
    - Staphylococcus (tick pyaemia)
  52. 52What is the major problem caused by lice?Leather industry:
    Appears to be white spot (uneven dyeing) caused by infestation with Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis, the biting lice. Lice cause
    irritation and results in scratch damage to hides
  53. 53When in the biting louse D.bovis most common?In animals 6-20 weeks of age and during winter housing
  54. 54What does the biting louse D.bovis cause?- Found especially on neck, head and mid-dorsal region of body. Appears worse in poorly maintained animals.
    - Light or moderate infections have no clinical effect, but heavy infestations lead to pruritis, rubbing and damage to hides
  55. 55What are the sucking lice and when and where are they found?1. Linognathus vituli. More common in early winter. Found on head, and ventral surface of neck and dewlap. Outcome of infections as above.
    2. Solonoptes capillatus, around eye, relatively rare.
  56. 56How can lice be diagnosed?Presence of tightly attached eggs on hairs; use magnifying glass to pick out adults and nymphs
  57. 57What is the treatment of lice?Sucking lice killed by ivermectin injection. Biting lice controlled by injectable or pour-on endectocides and pyrethroids (and organophosphates where licenced, not UK!); ivermectin will kill over 95% of biting lice.
  58. 58What is mange?Descriptive term for infection of animals by mites. Have burrowing (Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex bovis) and non-burrowing (Chorioptes bovis) mites
  59. 59What is sarcoptic mange?Sarcoptes scabiei is a small mite (c 0.5 mm long) which burrows in skin and causes acute irritation, preferred sites are neck and lumbar area adjacent to tail. Pruritis and rubbing leads to total loss of hair and thickened crusted skin
  60. 60What is chorioptic mange?Chorioptes bovis is commonest mite. Seen in winter frequently affecting the root of
    the tail and hind legs. Mild hair loss and irritant rather than intensely pruritic
  61. 61What is psoroptic mange?Psoroptes bovis recently in UK, as a significant emerging disease problem. Problem in Belgium on Belgian Blues, and in Italy.
  62. 62What is demodectic mange?Demodex bovis is a normal commensal and clinical problems are rare
  63. 63How can you diagnose mange?On clinical signs and examination of skin scrapings.
  64. 64How can you treat mange?Mange with ivermectin injection, although this is the licensed treatment in the UK, found to be ineffective for psoroptic mange. In most cases of psoroptic mange successful treatment has been achieved by using a 4% permethrin pour-on product (‘Flypor’, Novartis Animal Health) given at an increased frequency of treatment (three
    treatments at two weekly intervals) as advised by the farmers’ veterinary surgeon under the cascade. Removal and destruction of the scabs before treatment is also advised
  65. 65What is the warble fly and what does it do?Hypoderma bovis. Used to cause gadding. Leather industry asked for its eradication. Hopefully now extinct in UK. Notifiable disease. Diagnosis is holes in hide or serology. Treatment with ivermectin, doramectin or moxidectin
  66. 66How can you control flies?Good hygiene, insecticides - (resistance to some ear tags in UK?)
  67. 67Are ticks a problem for cattle production?Major problem - particularly tropics
  68. 68What is the main tick in the UK?Ixodes ricinus - likes old rough pasture

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Cross systems clinical veterinary science - CVS1 (Parasite control in cattle - Mark Eisler) Flashcards on Cattle parasitology 2, created by Rachael Jones on 08/02/2018.
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