1260067
Description
Flashcards by Hazel Meades, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hazel Meades
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Universal grammar or linguistic universals | The explanation that all world languages share the principles of grammar despite surface differences in lexis and phonology. |
| Consonant cluster reduction | A type of deletion that involves removing consonants (ch isn't a consonant cluster but chr is. It must be at least 2 consonant sounds). |
| Deletion | There are 3 different forms: straightforward deletion, consonant cluster reduction and deletion of unstressed syllables. All involve removing sounds from a word. |
| Deletion of unstressed syllables | When a syllable is missed off e.g: nana for banana. |
| Addition | Adding on extra sounds to create that consonant vowel pattern e.g: mama |
| Straightforward deletion | Where one sound is missed off e.g: ca for cat. |
| Assimilation | When one consonant or vowel is exchanged for another that's typically used within the same word e.g: gog for dog. |
| Substitution | Swapping one sound for another e.g: gog for dog. |
| Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 24 months? | p, b, m, d, n, w, t |
| Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 30 months? | k, g, h, ŋ |
| Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 36 months? | f, s, j, l |
| Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 42 months? | tʃ, dʒ, v, z, ʃ, r |
| Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 48+ months? | ð, ʒ |
| Vegetative stage | 0-4 months Phonological development begins. The child will learn to recognise its mother's voice, their own name and show a preference for their native language. Conversation is possible via gurgling and cooing. |
| Cooing stage | 4-7 months More vowel sounds in the form of comfort sounds and vocal play become apparent as the child tests its mouth. |
| Babbling stage | 6-12 months The child produces a mixture of reduplicated and variegated sounds and intonation linked to the target language starts to become apparent. They will also be able to recognise which sound occurs most frequently in a string of vowel sounds. |
| Proto words | Bee (1997) defined this as any sound or set of sounds that is used consistently to refer to a thing, action or quality. They are words that have meaning but usually only between the carer and child. Other people may not understand this utterance as a word because the meaning will be unclear; e.g: a baby saying "da" on hitting his toy against the bath. |
| Proto word stage | 9-12 months Proto words are developed. The child is no longer receptive to all languages. The child will learn 2 words a week approx. 1st word occurs at 12 months approx. |
| Holophrastic stage | 12-18 months One word that expresses a whole idea. |
| Telegraphic stage | 24-36 months Just the key words included in utterances. |
| Two word stage | 18-24 months Known as the "naming explosion" and coincides with growth of Wernicke's area (which aids speech comprehension). Overgeneralisation will occur and language takes off. Combining words occurs when Broca's area (aids language processing and storing rules) starts to develop. |
| Post-telegraphic stage | 36+ months Everything after the telegraphic stage. Grammar develops. |
| Holophrase | A word contains an entire sentence meaning. E.g: child says "cup" pointing at it, meaning he wants his cup. |
| Overextension | Using the same word for objects with similar qualities. |
| Underextension | The meaning of the word is narrowed or reduced. E.g: Joanne will only use the word "shoe" to describe her own. When asked if there are any other shoes in the cupboard she'll shake her head. |
| Hyponym | More specific words within a category e.g: socks, trousers. |
| Hypernym | A word that refers to a range of objects e.g: clothes. |
| Framing | A part of CDS. When an adult repeats a particular word/phrase in different contexts. E.g: that's a ball. What colour is the ball? Can you throw me the ball? |
| Recasting | The adult puts the child's word in a new context. E.g: truck -> what colour is your truck? |
| Expansion | The adult fills out a child's utterance. E.g: ball -> yes, it's a ball. |
| Synonymy | Using synonyms e.g: duck and quack-quack. |
| Content words | Nouns, verbs, adjectives referring to real things. These are what the child uses during the telegraphic stage. |
| Function words | Pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, articles - the more complex, abstract word classes that the child will only use later on. |
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