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Elisha Graham CRIMINOLOGY A-Level Diploma English 108 cards

Cards in this deck (108)

  1. 1What is deviant behaviour?Behaviour that differs from social norms and incurs public disapproval
  2. 2What causes an act to be deviant?Society labels it that way
  3. 3What sanctions is deviance controlled by?Formal and Informal
  4. 4Give 2 examples of formal sanctionsDetention and Prison
  5. 5Give 2 examples of informal sanctionsNaughty Step and Sarcasm
  6. 6What is a crime?A specific act of deviance that breaks society's formal rules or laws
  7. 7Things definded as criminal differ depending on what?Time, Place and Culture
  8. 8Give an example of a criminal act that differs according to placeThe use of cannabis in certain countries
  9. 9Give an example of a criminal act that differs according to cultureFemale genital mutilation is considered a traditional rite of passage into womanhood in many Muslim nations
  10. 10Give an example of a criminal act that differs according to timeHomosexuality used to be illegal in the UK
  11. 11What are the biological: genetic theories?XYY, Twin and Adoption Studies
  12. 12What is the basis of the XYY theory?Men with an extra Y chromosome are more likely to commit violent crimes
  13. 13What was Extra Y Syndrome suggested to lead to?- High testosterone levels
    - Powerful bodily build
    - Heightened aggression
    - Propensity for violent crime
  14. 14Who developed the XYY theory?Jacobs
  15. 15What are some criticisms of the XYY theory?- Over deterministic
    - Ignored enviromental upbringing
  16. 16What is the basis of the Twin Study?When an identical twin has committed a crime, in 52% of cases the other twin has too
  17. 17What does the twin study suggest about genetics?More than half of identical twins both commit crimes because they share the same genetics, creating a genetic link to crime
  18. 18What does the twin study say about non-identical twins?Only 22% of both non-identical twins commit crime because they only share half of the same genetics
  19. 19What is a criticism of the twin studies?It ignores environmental upbringing
  20. 20Who developed the twin study?Christiansen
  21. 21What is the basis of adoption studies?Children who were adopted and have a criminal record for property theft often have a biological father with criminal convictions despite not been raised by them. Suggests a genetic link.
  22. 22Who developed the adoption study?Mednick
  23. 23What are some criticisms for adoption studies?- ignores environmental upbringing
    - adopted children could simply be angry and lash out
  24. 24What are the biological: physiological theories?Actavistic form and somatotype theory
  25. 25What is the basis of actavistic form?People who look more primitive are more likely to commit crime
  26. 26Who developed the actavistic form theory?Lombrosso
  27. 27What did the actavistic form theory say about women who commit crime?Her wickedness must be enormous to triumph over the obstacle of maternity and emotions. They are more likely to commit crimes 'by passion'.
  28. 28What are some criticisms of the actavistic form theory?- other theories disagree that it is biologically determined
    - it has been disproven that there is any link between someones face and their criminality
  29. 29Who developed the somatotype theory?Sheldon
  30. 30What is the basis of the somatotype theory?Muscular people are more likely and more capable of committing crimes
  31. 31According to the somatotype theory, what are the three body types?- Ectomorph
    - Endomorph
    - Mesomorph
  32. 32Which body type is most likely to be criminal?Mesomorph
  33. 33What are the attributes of the ectomorph body type?Thin and low fat storage
  34. 34What are the attributes of the endomorph body type?Increased fat storage, large bone structure
  35. 35What are the attributes of the mesomorph body type?Large bones, solid torso, low fat levels
  36. 36What are the 3 personality types according to somatotype theory?- Viscerotonic
    - Somotonic
    - Cerebrotonic
  37. 37Which personality is linked to endomorph?Viscerotonic
  38. 38Which personality is linked to ectomorph?Cerebrotonic
  39. 39Which personality is linked to mesomorph?Somotonic
  40. 40What are the attributes of a viscerotonic personality?Comfortable person, likes luxury, extrovert
  41. 41What are the attributes of a somotonic personality?Active, dynamic and aggressive
  42. 42What are the attributes of a cerebrotonic personality?Introverted, skin complaints, fatigued, suffering from insomnia
  43. 43What are some criticisms of the somatotype theory?- Doesn't recognise non-physical crimes
    - Many other theories argue that crimes are committed not because of someone's body type
  44. 44What are the individualistic: learning theories?- Differential association
    - Social learning theory
  45. 45Who developed differential association?Edwin Sutherland
  46. 46What is the basis of differential association?Individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques and motives for criminal behaviour from interaction
  47. 47How many key principles does differential association have?9
  48. 48What two definitions does differential assosiation say that people can learn?favourable and unfavourable
  49. 49What are some criticisms of differential association?- Crime may run in families due to social deprivation or genetics
    - Different crime rates between men and women may be due to hormones
  50. 50What are some strengths for differential association?- can explain why crime runs in families
    - females are encourages to not be aggressive, can count for difference in crime rates between men and women
  51. 51Who developed social learning theory?Bandura
  52. 52In social learning theory, what are the 3 aspected of motivation?- External reinforcement
    - Vicarious reinforcement
    - Self reinforcement
  53. 53What 3 contexts does observational learning take place in?- The family
    - The prevalent subculture
    - culture symbols such as television and books
  54. 54How many rules is there in social learning theory?8
  55. 55What is the role of media in social learning theory?can witness anti-social behaviour through the media
  56. 56What is the individualistic: psychodynamic theory?Freud's ID, Ego and Superego
  57. 57What are the three specific features relating to behaviour in freud's theory?- Interaction of the ID, ego and superego
    - Fixation at a psychosexual stage of development
    - Defence Mechanisms
  58. 58What are the three levels of Freud's iceberg?- The conscious
    - The preconscious
    - The unconcious
  59. 59What does the conscious control?The small
    amount of mental activity we
    know about. (e.g. thoughts, perceptions)
  60. 60What does the preconscious control?Things
    we could be aware of if we
    wanted or tried. E.g. Memories, Stored knowledge
  61. 61What does the unconscious control?Things we are unaware of and can
    not become aware of. (e.g. instincts, deeply buried memories)
  62. 62What is the ID?Infantile, pre socialised part of the personality
  63. 63What is the ego?The ego is the executive of the personality, the planning, decision making, rational and logical part of us
  64. 64What is the superego?This is the moral part of the personality and, corresponds to the punishing and rewarding parent
  65. 65What happens if you have a weak superego?More likely to commit crime
  66. 66What happens if you have a deviant superego?More likely to commit crime
  67. 67What happens if you have an excessively strong superego?Hate yourself. Can lead to criminality such as suicide & drugs
  68. 68What did Freud say defence mechanisms do?Prevent anxiety, arousing impulses and thoughts from reaching the conscious. They distort reality and therefore protect us.
  69. 69What are the defence mechanisms?- Denial
    - Projection
    - Suppression
    - Displacement
    - Sublimation
    - Regression
    - Rationaliasation
    - Reaction formation
  70. 70What are some weaknesses of Freud's theory?- Difficult to test (unscientific)
    - Freud's theory insinuates that boys should be more moral but actually, they commit more crimes
  71. 71What are some strengths of Freud's theory?- Recognises inner emotions affect behaviour
    - Addresses root cause of behaviour
    - Many people with mental disturbances do remember childhood traumas
  72. 72What are the individualistic: Psychological theories?- Personality theory
    - Moral Development
  73. 73Who developed the personality theory?Eysenck
  74. 74What are the two dimensions which Eysenck suggested peoples personalities vary along?- Extraversion
    - Neuroticism
  75. 75What is extraversion?How much stimulation someone needs
  76. 76What is neuroticism?How emotionally unstable someone is
  77. 77What is the personality of someone with high neuroticism?People who have very changeable emotions; prone to anxiety and depression
  78. 78What is the personality of someone with low neuroticism?People who have very stable emotions
  79. 79What is the personality of someone with high extraversion?People who need lots of external stimulation
  80. 80What is the personality of someone with low extraversion?People who need little external stimulation
  81. 81What did Eysenck suggest the extraversion and the neuroticism measure?The characteristics of the nervous system
  82. 82What does the extraversion measure within the nervous system?Central and autonomic arousal level. The lower this is, the more stimulation you need from your environment and the harder you are to condition successfully.
  83. 83What does the neuroticism measure within the nervous system?How strongly your nervous system reacts to aversive stimuli. The stronger your responses the more extreme your emotional changes. High N-scorers are also hard to condition to behave in a way that is socially acceptable.
  84. 84When Eysenck added a third dimension, what was it?Psychoticism
  85. 85What is the personality of high psychoticism scorers?Cold
    Uncaring
    Solitary
    Aggressive
  86. 86Why do people with a high E, N and P run a higher risk of offending?It is difficult for them to learn to control their immature impulses.
  87. 87What is a strength of personality theory?Possible to find evidence. 2002 study that found psychopaths were much more likely to plan murders as there are uncaring. Its possible to identify these traits in people.
  88. 88What are some weaknesses of personality theory?- A measure of personality is very subjective to each individual
    - Ignores upbringing (poverty etc)
    - Not everyone with a specific type of personality turns to crime.
  89. 89Who developed the moral development theory?Kohlberg
  90. 90What did Kohlberg's theory suggest?We go through distinct stages of moral development
  91. 91What are the three levels of moral development?1: Pre-Conventional morality
    2: Conventional morality
    3: Post Conventional morality
  92. 92What are the two stages of the first level of morality?- Obedience and Punishment
    - Individualism and Exchange
  93. 93What are the two stages of the second level of morality?- Interpersonal Relationships
    - Maintaining Social Order
  94. 94What are the two stages of the third level of morality?- Social Contract and Individual Rights
    - Universal Principles
  95. 95What is the Obedience and Punishment stage?At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment.
  96. 96What age is the Obedience and Punishment stage?Infancy
  97. 97What is the Individualism and Exchange stage?Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishment.
  98. 98What age is the Individualism and Exchange stage?Pre-School
  99. 99What is the Interpersonal Relationships stage?The ‘good boy/girl’ stage. Effort is made to secure approval and maintain friendly relations with others
  100. 100What age is the Interpersonal Relationships stage?School Age
  101. 101What is the Maintaining Social Order stage?People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing ones duty and respecting authority.
  102. 102What age is the Maintaining Social Order stage?School age
  103. 103What is the Social Contract and Individual Rights stage?People begin to account for the different values, opinion and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards.
  104. 104What age is the Social Contract and Individual Rights stage?Teens
  105. 105What is the Universal Principles stage?Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalised principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.
  106. 106What age is the Universal Principles stage?Adulthood
  107. 107What are some strengths of the moral development theory?It could be suggested to be a holistic approach to crime, this is because it looks at internal factors such as development but also considered the environments impact on a criminals psychological reasoning.
  108. 108—

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A-Level Diploma CRIMINOLOGY (Unit 2) Flashcards on crim cards, created by Elisha Graham on 19/03/2018.
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Elisha Graham
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