Flashcards
A & P Lecture Test #4
Cards in this deck (91)
- 1Name the 2 types of signals that are produced by a change in membrane potentialLocal and Action Potentials
- 2Local vs Action Potentials: Size and Distance traveled? Location? What triggers each?L= Small and Short; A= Big and Long
L= Cell body or Dendrites; A= Axon
L= External Stimuli or Neurotransmitter; A= Depolarization - 3Local vs Action Potentials: Effect(s) each can have? How does strength change? Ions and channels involved?L= Depolarization or Hyperpolarization; A= Always Depolar then Repolar
L= Gradually decrease; A= Never decrease
L= Na,K,Cl and Ligand-gated or Mechanically gated; A= N, K and VGC's - 4Local vs Action Potentials: Size and what effects it? Are they reversible? How is Magnitude determined?L= Vary based on length of stimulation and # & type of ion channels; A= Uniform in size
L= Yes; A= No
L= Depends on strength of stimulus; A= All or none - 5Name the 5 types of local potentials and where each is found1. Postsynaptic Potentials- In Postsynaptic Neuron
2. Receptor Potentials- In Sensory Recpetors
3. End-Plate Potentials- B/t Skeletal muscle and somatic motor neurons
4. Pacemaker Potentials- In Cardiac muscle cells
5. Slow-Wave Potentials- In Smooth muscle cells - 6Compare Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials and Inhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsE= Bring membrane closer to threshold
I= Bring membrane further from threshold - 7Name the Membrane Potential for each stage in a Neuron: Resting MP Threshold Stimulus Peak of Depolarization End of Hyperpolarization-70
-55
+30
-70 - 8Define: Polarization Depolarization Repolarization HyperpolarizationDifference in charge across membrane
Making membrane more positive
Making membrane return to negative
Making membrane more negative - 9Is the Na+ VGC open or closed during: Polarization Depolarization Repolarization HyperpolarizationClosed
Open
Closed
Closed - 10Is the K+ VGC open or closed during: Polarization Depolarization Repolarization HyperpolarizationClosed
Closed
Open
Open - 11What protein pump returns a Neuron to resting membrane potential after an Action Potential?Na+K+ Pump
- 12How does the All or None Principle Apply to Neurons?If the Neutron does Depolarize to Threshold, an AP will happen completely.
If the Neutron does NOT Depolarize to Threshold, an AP will NOT occur. - 13Name the 4 basic steps of how an Action Potential is propagated down a Neuron1. Axolemma depolarized to Threshold
2. Na+ ion channels activate, spreading positive charges down the Axon
3. Na+ move laterally down the Axon
4. This causes each section of the Axon to continually spread the AP - 14Difference b/t the Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods?A- Period where no additional stimulus will be able to produce another AP
R- Period after ^^ where a stronger stimulus than usual would be needed in order to create another AP - 15Compare Saltatory Conduction to Continuous ConductionS- Occurs in Neurons w/ Myelin; Much faster; AP's jump from one Node to another
C- Occurs in Neurons w/o Myelin; Much slower - 16Compare the effects of excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters and an example of eachE- Causes depolarization in the Post synaptic cell; Glutamate
I- Causes hyperpolarization in the Post synaptic cell; GABA - 17Describe 3 ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft1. Enzymatic Degradation- Enzymes break up the NT in the Synaptic Cleft
2. Diffusion- NT diffuses away from Synaptic Cleft
3. Reuptake- NT taken up by endocytosis and recycled - 18Compare temporal vs spatial summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialsT- One Presynaptic Neuron stimulates another Neuron many times
S- Many Presynaptic Neurons stimulate another Neuron - 19What are gray matter and white matter made up of?Gray- Cell bodies, Dendrites, Neuroglia, Unmyelinated Axons
White- Myelinated Axons, Neuroglia - 20Location of Gray vs White Matter in Brain?G- On edges and deep inside Basal Nuclei
W- Deep to the Cerebral Cortex - 21Location of Gray vs White Matter in Spinal Cord? Specific name(s)?G- In the center; Horns
W- Around the edges; Funiculi organized as tracts/columns - 22Location of Gray vs White Matter in PNS?G- In Ganglia
W- In Nerves - 23Name the 6 major regions of the BrainCerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum - 24Name the 4 Major functional areas of the Cerebral Cortex and the function of each1. Primary Motor Cortex- Gives voluntary commands to skeletal muscles
2. Primary Sensory Cortex- Receives general somatic sensory info
3. Portions for special senses
4. Association areas- Interpret incoming data and coordinate motor response - 25Name the 3 major areas of the DiencephalonThalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland - 26Name the 5 components of the Limbic System1. Hippocampus
2. Amygdala
3. Cingulate Gyri
4. Fornix
5. Thalamus and Hypothalamus or Diencephalon - 27State the function of the Reticular FormationHelps maintain alertness and consciousness; Also plays a role in posture, heart rate, and respiration
- 28State the functions of the ventricles of the brainProduce CSF
- 29Describe the structure of the Choroid Plexuses and how they produce CSFS: Capillaries in the roof of Ventricles
How: By actively transporting Arterial blood - 30Describe the structure and function of CSFS: Clear, colorless, lymph-like
Fu: Protect CNS organs, transports materials, removes waste produces - 31Describe the flow of CSFFrom top to bottom of the Ventricles;
Lateral, Interventricular, third, cerebral aqueduct, fourth, lateral and medial apertures, subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord - 32Basic Function of the Blood brain barrier? What 3 structures form it?F: Keeps substances from entering
Tight junctions, Basement membrane, and Feet of Astrocytes - 333 areas in the CNS where the blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing and why?1. Choroid Plexus: So CSF can be made
2. Hypothalamus: So Hormones can enter blood
3. The Pineal Gland: So Hormones can enter blood - 34Describe the Structure and Function of the Anterior HornS: Cell bodies of Somatic Motor Neurons
F: Send motor commands to Skeletal Muscles - 35Describe the Structure and Function of the Posterior HornS: Made of Cell bodies of Interneurons and axons of Somatic Visceral Sensory Neurons
F: Receive somatic and visceral sensory info and send it to the Brain OR integrates it - 36Describe the Structure and Function of the Lateral HornS: Cell bodies of Autonomic (Visceral) Motor Neurons
F: Send motor commands to Cardiac, smooth, glands, and Adipocytes - 37What is the S and F of Posterior, Lateral, and Anterior Funiculi?S: Small bundle of Axons in the spinal cord
F: Contains both Ascending and Descending Tracts - 38Compare Ascending and Descending TractsA: Send sensory info to Brain
D: Send motor commands from Brain to Spinal Cord - 39Describe the Structure and Function of the Dura MaterS: Dense Irregular CT
F: Gives support - 40Describe the Structure and Function of the Arachnoid MaterS: Web of Elastic and Collagen Fibers
F: Absorb CSF - 41Describe the Structure and Function of the Pia MaterS: Areolar CT, transparent, impermeable, sticks to Gyri and Sulci
F: Protects Brain - 42Describe the Structure and Function of the Epidural SpaceS: Filled w/ Adipose and Areolar CT and BV's
F: Protects Spinal cord - 43Describe the Structure/Location and Function of the Subdural SpaceS: Space below Arachnoid Mater
F: Holds CSF and large BV's that feed Neurons and Neuroglia - 44Name the Meninges and associated spaces in order from Superficial to Deepest (6)Dura Mater
Epidural Space
Subdural Space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid Space
Pia Mater - 45Describe the 4 steps that occur when falling asleep1. Optic Nerve tells SCN (In Hypothalamus) that light is decreasing
2. SCN signals VLPN (In Hypothalamus) and tells Pineal gland to secrete Melatonin
3. This decreases activity in the Reticular Formation
4. Thalamus disconnects from Cerebral Cortex - 46Describe the functions of sleepRestore physiological processes, consolidation, removing unwanted memories
- 47What role does Adenosine play in sleep?Inactivates RAS; An increase in Adenosine triggers non-REM sleep
- 48What role does Orexin play in sleep?Increases in levels right before waking up and maintains wakefulness by stimulating the Reticular Formation
- 49Compare the 2 wave patterns that occur during sleep1. Slow wave sleep: Occurs in 4 stages, alternating between lighter and deeper stages
2. REM sleep: At end of each slow wave sleep cycle, dreams occur, cannot move - 50Name and define the 2 broad types of learning1. Associative- Linking 2 events together (EX: Learning someone's name)
2. Nonassociative- Change in behavior after repeated stimulus - 51Name and compare the 2 types of Nonassociative learning1. Habituation- Decreased responsiveness to a certain stimulus; Neurotransmitters are released less
2. Sensitization- Increased responsiveness to an intense stimulus; Neurotransmitters are released more - 52Name the 3 major types of memoryShort term
Long term
Working - 53Short term memory: Time of storage after learning? Duration? Capacity of storage? Retrieval time? Inability to retrieve? Mechanisms of storage?Immediate
Seconds to hours
Limited
Rapid Retreival
Frequent
Modifications of synaptic function, changes in ion channels, presynaptic facilitation - 54Long term memory: Time of storage after learning? Duration? Capacity of storage? Retrieval time? Inability to retrieve? Mechanisms of storage?Later
Days to years
Unlimited
Rapid Retrieval
Stable
Form new synapses, increase Dendrite SA, increase Neurotransmitter receptors, change neurotransmitter synthesis - 55Compare the memory processing that occurs in the following areas: Hippocampus and Insula Lobe Cerebellum Prefrontal CortexShort term
"How to" memories
Working memory, planning, organizing - 56Name the 4 components of PNSCranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Ganglia
Sensory Receptors - 57Describe each of the 2 general functions of the PNSReceiving sensory info and giving motor commands to muscles, glands, or Adipocytes
- 58Describe the structure of GangliaCluster of cell bodies outside of the CNS
- 59Describe the function of: Posterior Root Ganglia Autonomic Ganglia Cranial GangliaHouse cell bodies of sensory neurons
House cell bodes of motor neurons
House cell bodies of cranial nerves - 60____________ are 100's of Myelinated Axons outside of the CNS that are bundled together by CTPeripheral Nerves
- 61___________ are 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the nose, eyes, inner ear, brainstem, and spinal cordCranial Nerves
- 62# of Cranial Nerve pairs: # of Spinal Nerve pairs:12
31 - 63Define Spinal NervesBundles of Axons outside of the CNS
- 64Define Mixed NerveNerves that receive sensory info AND motor commands
- 65Compare sensory nerve vs motor nerveNerves that only receive sensory info
Nerves that send out motor commands - 66All spinal nerves are ________ nervesMixed
- 67_____________ supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and the viscera of the thorax and abdomenCranial Nerves
- 68Describe the units making up a nerve, from smallest to biggestNerve Fibers
Nerve Fascicles
One nerve - 69Name the 3 layers of CT in Nerves and where each is foundEpineurium- Around entire Nerve
Perineurium- Around Nerve Fascicle
Endoneurium- Around Nerve Fiber - 70Define DermatomeSpecific segment of the skin that is supplied by a single nerve
- 71State the Structure and Function of the Dorsal RootS: Made of sensory nerve axons
F: Carry sensory info to dorsal horn - 72State the Function of the Dorsal Root GanglionContains the cell bodies of the Dorsal Root
- 73State the Structure and Function of the Ventral RootS: Contains Motor Axons
F: Sends motor commands to muscles, glands, and Adipocytes - 74Name the 3 Rami of a spinal nerve and state their function1. Dorsal Ramus- Innervate deep muscles in the back
2. Ventral Ramus- Form Nerve Plexuses
3. Ramus Communicantes- Contains Axons associated w/ Autonomic Nervous System - 75Identify the types of Neurons that the Afferent division of the PNS is made ofAfferent/Sensory Neurons
- 76Name the 2 major divisions of the PNSSomatic Sensory
Visceral Sensory - 77Describe the 3 parts of the Afferent pathway1. Stimulus- Change in environment
2. Sensory Receptor- Detect stimuli
3. Afferent Neuron- Sends signal to CNS Interneurons - 78Name the 2 major types of Sensory Receptors and where they're located1. Receptive Endings of Sensory Neurons- In general organs
2. Specialized non-neural cell- In special sense organs - 79____________ is the conversion of a physical or chemical stimuli to an electrical signalSensory Transduction
- 80Are Receptor potentials local or action potentials?Local potentials
- 81Compare the 3 Receptors and give an example of each: Simple Sensory Receptors Complex Neural Receptors Special Senses ReceptorsSiSR: On Sensory Neurons (Free Nerve Ending)
CNR: On Sensory Neurons & Covered in CT (Lamellated Corpuscle)
SpSR: On non-neural specialized cells (Vision, Taste) - 82Name the stimulus detected for Nociceptors and Osmoreceptors and an example of eachN- Detects pain (chemicals released associated w/ pain) Ex: Free Nerve Endings
O- Detects changes in [solutes] EX: Found in Hypothalamus - 83Name the 2 major characteristics of Sensory Receptors1. They're specialized to respond to one particular stimulus
2. They send info thru Afferent Neurons to the CNS - 84___________ is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment __________ is the conscious interpretation of those stimuliSensation
Perception - 85Differentiate b/t Conscious and Unconscious PerceptionC- Sensory Neurons travel to the Cerebral Cortex
U- Sensory Neurons reach only the Spinal Cord or lower levels of the Brain - 86Describe the 4 aspects of Sensory Coding Systems: Modality Location Intensity DurationM- Type of receptor that's activated
L- Where the receptor is located
I- Frequency of AP's and # of receptors activated
D- Duration of AP's - 87________ is the ability of the Brain to discriminate cutaneous sensory infoAcuity
- 88Name and define the 2 factors affecting Acuity1. Receptive field- Region w/in which a sensory receptor can sense a stimulus
2. Lateral Inhibition- Process were info from neurons at the edge of a stimulus is inhibited - 89Explain how receptive field & lateral inhibition affect acuity and sensitivityRF- The closer the receptors, the smaller the area of skin each monitors; The smaller the receptive field, the greater its Acuity
LI- Intensifies the perception of the stimulus, thereby increasing Acuity - 90______________ is process where most receptors stop sending signals after they have been stimulated for a certain amount of timeAdaptation
- 91Compare Phasic and Tonic Receptors and give an example of eachP- Respond quick and hard, stop after certain amount of time (Touch, Pressure)
T- Respond slow, constant, never diminish (Inner ear, Proprioreceptors)
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- Flashcards on A & P Lecture Test #4, created by Megan Shelton on 18/04/2018.
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