Flashcards
Ant101 Exam2
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- 1characteristics of primatesarboreal, flexible diet, time and care for offspring
- 2suborder distinctions of primatesversatile skeletal structures
enhanced sense of touch
enhanced sense of vision
reduced reliance on smell/hearing
reduced number of teeth
different dental formulas/functions - 3prosimians (strepsirrhines) ex: Lemurs & Lorisessense of smell
enlarged nasal passages
scent glands
large olfactory bulb
nails/claws
tooth comb
nocturnal
Africa/Asia
primitive dentition - 4New World Monkeys ex: Squirrel, Spider, Howlplatyrrhini
arboreal
small
low degree of sexual dimorphism (size difference between m/f)
small social group - 5Old World Monkeys ex: Macaques, Baboons, Geladascatarrhini
climate: tropical, snow, desert
quadrupedal
hard butts
highly adaptable
terrestrial and arboreal
sexually dimorphic
large social group - 6Lesser Apes ex: Gibbons & Siamongstropical climates
brachiators (arm swinger)
monogamous
fruit, leaf, insect eaters
guard territory vocally - 7Great Apes ex: Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Humansfound in Africa/ Asia
arboreal and terrestrial
solitary
frugivore
generate few offspring - 8Primate Dentitiondentition reflects diet
four distinctive tooth types
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
molars: grind, crush
high, pointed cusps: puncture,crush insects
crests on molar: shear leaves
low, round cusps: crush, pulp fruits and seeds - 9Dental Formulas for Monkeys, Apes, Humans2.1.2.3
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars - 10Primate Hand/Feetopposable thumb: touch the tips of other fingers; can grasp/manipulate an object
power grip: palm grips object while the thumb and fingers wrap around in opposite directions
precision grip: thumb and finger (picking up a coin)
opposable big toes
body trunk is vertical - 11Types of Locomotionquadrupedal: running and climbing
bipedal: walking
suspensory: vertical clinging and leaping
brachiation: arm swinging - 12Life History Theorynatural selection favors primate behavior that enhances survival and reproduction
ex: female lactation
ex: gestation, time between pregnancies, infant dependency, sexual maturity, life expectancy
these differ depending on body size - 13Habitats of the Lesser/Great ApesGreat Apes: jungles, mountains, savannas
Lesser Apes: tropical rainforests, monsoon forests - 14Behavioral Ecologyfocuses on behavior, environment, and biological traits, some influenced by genes
- 15Phenotypic Plasticity-the degree to which an organism can modify their actions or behavior
-driven purely by instinct vs. socially flexible - 16Social Structures-typically has to do with composition, size, and sex ratio within a group
-as a result of natural selection in specific habitats - 17Factors that Influence Social Structure-body size
-diet
-distribution of resources
-predators
-activity patterns
-dispersal patterns - 18Factors that Influence Dominance-hierarchies: impose a degree of order by establishing parameters of individual behaviors
-sex
-age
-aggression
-intelligence
-time in the group
-motivation - 19Benefits of High vs. Low Rankthe higher the rank means you have a greater ability to acquire important resources
- 20Affiliative Behaviors-amicable interactions between friends and relatives
-done for reconciliation and consolation
-enhances group cohesion
ex: grooming, babysitting - 21Aggressive Behaviors-develop out of competition for food, mates, and sleeping sites
ex: threat grunt - 22Infanticide-a prospective male mate will kill the infant of a female in order to stop her lactation so she will resume ovulation and be sexually receptive
-enhances the males reproductive success/fitness - 23Communication (deliberate/autonomic)autonomic: raised body hair (piloerection
deliberate: vocalizations and branch shaking - 24Sexual Selection Theory-operates on one sex; males
-increases the frequency of traits that lead to greater success in acquiring mates
-common in polygynous species
-produces dimorphism (m/f body size is different) - 25Threats to Primate Survival and Importance of Conservation-study of primates can be used to research the evolutionary developments of humans
-they're caged and exhibit unnatural behavior not found in the wild
-due to: habitat destruction, hunting (bushmeat,poaching), live capture for export or trade (black market) - 26Macroevolution-large scale evolutionary processes that are harder to comprehend
-can be understood using: classification, geological history, modes of evolutionary change
ex: mutation, gene flow, etc. + 3by = macroevolution - 27Homologies & Analogies-homologies: similarities based on descent from a common ancestor
ex: limb bones (humerus, radius, ulna)
-analogies: based on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent
ex: nocturnal vision - 28Ancestral & Derived Traits-ancestral: inherited by a group of organisms from their ancestors
ex: five fingers and toes
-derived: evolved over time by a mutation
ex: body hair on gorillas but not humans - 29Adaptive Radiation-happens when a life form rapidly takes advantage of newly ecological niches
-2 factors: adaptive potential and adaptive opportunities of the available niches - 30Ecological Niche-position of species within thier physical and biological environments, together making up the ecosystem
-defined by: diet, terrain, vegetation, predators, relationships with other species, activity patterns - 31Speciation-formation of new species
-2 general modes: anagenesis (linear) and cladogenesis (specific)
-allopatric: relies on lack of gene flow with an emphasis on geographic separation; no more interbreeding
-parapatric: emphasis on natural selection and ecologic separation without interrupting gene flow; can interbreed but won't because hybrids don't survive well
ex: baboons - 32Tempo of Evolution gradualism & punctuated equilibrium-gradualism: change is slow/incremental steps
-punctuated equilibrium: change is short, rapid, and followed by a long period of stasis (inactivity)
ex: dinosaurs - 33Continental Drift-movement of continents on sliding plates of the earth's surface
- 34Genus & Species-genus: species are more closely related to each other than to other genus species
ex: homo
species: same genus share same broad adoptive zone
ex: sapien - 35Mosaic Evolution-physiological and behavioral systems evolve at different
- 36Relative and Absolute Dating-relative: object is older/younger than surrounding object
ex: not in relation to numbers or an actual date
-chronomatic (absolute): determines an estimated age (in years) based on radioactive decay
ex: in relation to the calender - 37Molecular Clock-dates the divergences (evolution) of the major primate taxa (classifications)
- 38Mesozoic (248-65mya) to Cenozoic (65mya-present)-time period of the most geological changes
-defined by pangaea: shift in continents - 39Epochs of the Cenozoic Era-age of mammals
-defined by the introduction of : Monotremes/Prototheria (egg layers), Marsupials/Metatheria (pouch animals), Placental/Eutheria (in utero) - 40Chronology of the 7 Epochs-Paleocene (65-55mya)
-Eocene (55-34mya)
-Oligocene (34-23mya)
-Miocene (23-5mya)
-Pliocene (5-3mya)
-Pleistocene (3mya-12tya)
-Holocene (12tya-present) - 41Significance of the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene Epochs for Fossil Evidence-Eocene: first true primates, 200 species, ancestors of prosimians and tarsiers
-Oligocene: first monkeys, new and old world separate, first anthropoids, movement via rafting
-Miocene: first apes, derived not ancestral, 10 genera, 15 species, unclear link between todays apes - 42—
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- Flashcards on Ant101 Exam2, created by alex miles on 03/05/2018.
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