Immunology

Question	Answer
Define Immunity?	The body's ability to respond, resist and eliminate a foreign antigen or abnormal cells.
Define Antigen	The group of particles on the surface of cells, (e.g., bacteria, virus), that our body's use to recognise the particle as foreign.
Define Antibody	A Y-shaped protein that is made by our body in order to neutralise Antigens
Define Cytokine	A series of chemicals released from cells that induce or regulate the body's innate or adaptive immunity response
Describe the first line of immunity	The first line of immunity is made up of both mechanical and biochemical barriers. Mechanical barriers include the skin (multiple layers), mucus membranes and unconscious reactions such as vomiting, urinating. Biochemical barriers include sebum, acid, enzymes, saliva, and normal bacteria flora.
Describe the cellular components of Innate Immunity	Epithelial cells which line the body are multi-layered and provide a mechanical barrier. Phagocytes provide a biochemical barrier. Cytokines also provide a biochemical factor. Complement and histamine are also a biochemical component of innate immunity.
Describe the second line of Immunity	When the first line of defence is compromised, mast cells release histamine which acts as a vasodilator for blood vessels surrounding the site. This increases blood flow to the site causing redness and warmth. Also exudate forms after dilation. Once dilated, the vessels allow Neutrophils to cross via diapedesis. Macrophages phagocytise the pathogen. Neutrophils also attack the pathogen via phagocytosis and anti-microbial chemicals. Cytokines are released by both cells in order to further amply the inflammatory response and signal specific immune responses.
What are the three types of Granulocytes and their basic functions?	1. Neutrophils - main Gran., phagocytosis, and chemotaxis for other cells. 2. Basophils - Secretion of chemotactic factors for Neutrophils. 3. Eosinophils - control of biochemical regulators.
What are Natural Killer cells?	Non-specfic lymphocytes that target self cells through recognition via toll-receptors. Self cells (such as cancer cells or virus infect.) are killed through lysis before activation.
What are Thrombocytes?	Platelets that are part of the blood stream. They move from the blood vessels to the site after vasodilation.
Name some acellular components of immunity and their functions?	Kinins = signal other WBC, increase permeability of vasculature, and activate nociceptors. Histamines & Prostaglandins = increases blood flood and signals neutrophils Interferons = protect against viral infections by inhibiting viral replication C-Reactive Protein (CRP) = made in liver, marking pathogen for phagocytosis (opsonisation), activates complement Complement = inactive protein, destruction of foreign cells through lysis
Where do T & B cells mature?	T cells mature in the Thymus, B cells mature in the bone marrow.
B Cells are considered what type of immunity?	ANTI-BODY mediated (humoral) immunity. (B for Body)
T Cells are considered what type of immunity	Cell-mediated immunity.
B Cells need to have only 1 receptor activated in order to perform immune function. True or False?	False. B cells need both an Antigen receptor and a signalling receptor activated in order to perform function.
B cells do not attack pathogens directly. True or false	True. B Cells produce antibodies which attack pathogens
Difference between memory B cell and plasma cell.	Plasma cell offers general production of antibodies whereas memory B cell offer production of Antibodies after contact with a specific antigen.
What are the 5 types of antibodies?	IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, & IgE
What is the major antibody in the immune system?	IgG - 75-85% of circulating Antibodies. Responsible for the body's reaction to primary and secondary exposure.
What are the 4 main roles of Antibodies?	Neutralisation = of pathogen through receptor-site blocking Agglutination = of pathogen by clumping numerous pathogenic cells together Precipitation = of pathogen by blocking antigen molecules. Complement = activation of complement, leads to pathogen lysis.
Primary and secondary exposure, how does antibody response differ?	Secondary response leads to a faster response and larger amount of Antibodies being activated. This is due to the presence of memory B cells. Especially IgG.
T cells can only respond to cells that present antigen on cell surface. True or False?	True. T cells are activated by Antigen presenting cells (APCs).
What are the 4 types of T cells?	Killer (Cytotoxic), Helper, Suppressor, and Memory T cells
What do Killer T Cells do?	Killer T cells directly destroy pathogens through secretion of chemicals. Travel to site of infection and release chemicals such as cytokines and lymphotoxin.
What do Helper T Cells do?	Helper T cells aid in humoral immunity by taking antigens from APCs to B cells to aid in the production of antibodies.
What do Suppressor T Cells do?	Suppressor T cells aid in turning OFF the immune response. Aid in stopping autoimmune disease.
What do memory T cells do?	Memory T cells are similar to Memory B cells in that they enable a quicker response to a pathogen that has been encountered before. Remembers Antigens for future defence.
What Antibody is responsible for Allergic reactions?	IgE

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	Created by Angus Cooper almost 6 years ago