Special Senses

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Masters Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards on Special Senses, created by Angus Cooper on 11/06/2018.
Angus Cooper
Flashcards by Angus Cooper, updated more than 1 year ago
Angus Cooper
Created by Angus Cooper almost 6 years ago
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Question Answer
What are special senses? Special senses are senses that we are able to consciously perceive.
Name the three location-based types of special sense receptors. Exteroceptors Visceroceptors Proprioceptors
Name the five different types of stimulus-based special sense receptors. Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Osmoreceptors Photoreceptors
What do nociceptors do? Nociceptors detect pain within the body. Can be triggered by a variety of different stimuli. Chemicals (prostaglandins), mechanical, and thermal stimuli can all trigger nociceptors.
What type of receptors are olfactory receptors? Chemoreceptors.
How do odours get detected? Chemicals from the odour source travel through the air, into the nasal passage. These chemicals then dissolve into the nasal mucus. Within the nasal mucus, the olfactory nerve cilia are present and the chemical stimuli trigger an AP within the olfactory nerve. These signals travel up to the olfactory tract and then to the olfactory centre within the parietal lobe.
Where are the taste buds contained and how many tastes are there? The taste buds are contained on the papillae of the tongue. There are 5 primary tastes. Bitter, Salty, Sweet, Sour, and Umami.
How does taste get detected? Taste is detected when chemicals (tastants) broken down by saliva enter the grooves of the tongue. These signals are picked up by the taste buds and signals are transmitted along three cranial nerves (VII,IX, X) to the medulla oblongata, then to the thalamus, and then finally the parietal lobe.
Name the three general parts of the ear. The external, middle and inner ear.
What main type of receptor is utilised within the ear? Mechanoreceptors. Movement of hairs due to sound waves (hearing) and fluid (balance).
What three components make up the external ear? The pinna, the auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane
What 2 components make up the middle ear? 1. The auditory ossicles. The malleus, the incus and the staples. They transmit the sound waves received by the tympanic membrane into movement. 2. The auditory tube. Equalises pressure between external and middle ear through nasopharynx
How do sound waves get detected within the inner ear? The sound waves travel through the fluid within the cochlear. The movement of the fluid bends the cilia within the cochlear. The cilia movement causes ion-gated channels to open which create graded-potentials. This then sends a signal through cranial nerve VIII to the temporal lobe.
How does static balance work? (Movement: Bending up and down). Static balance involves functions contained within the vestibule. As the body moves around relative to gravity, a gelatinous matrix causes the movement of cilia. This triggers an AP towards the temporal lobe through cranial nerve VIII.
How does dynamic balance work? (Movement: spinning). Dynamic balance involves functions contained within the semicircular canals. As the body spins, this causes the movement of fluid through the ducts. The movement causes the cupula to movement which triggers an AP, through cranial nerve VIII to the medulla oblongata.
How is the intra-ocular pressure maintained? Through the vitreous and aqueous humor. The vitreous humor is posterior to the lens. The aqueous humor is anterior to the lens. A change to the rate of production c/t the rate of drainage leads to a change in the intra-ocular pressure.
How is sight detected? Photoreceptors within the retina are triggered by light entering the eye. Two types, rods & cones. Photoreceptors transmit signal to bipolar neurons, then to ganglion neurons, then to cranial nerve II, finally to occipital lobe of brain.
If objects are less than 6 metres away, what 4 processes are involved? Accomodation, convergence, constriction, refraction.
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