14132559
Description
Flashcards by Jennifer Huber, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jennifer Huber
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| MC Cancer in Women | Breast Cancer |
| MCC of cancer related death in women | Lung Cancer |
| MC Cancer in Men | Prostate Cancer |
| MC cancer related death in men | Lung Cancer |
| Most important prognostic indicator for Lung CA and Breast CA devoid of systemic metastasis | Nodal Status |
| Most important prognostic indicator for sarcoma devoid systemic mets | Tumor Grade |
| What is a PET scan? | Positron Emission Tomography used to identify metastasesl detects fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) molecules |
| Causes of False Positives on PET Scan | inflammatory diseases like histoplasmosis, TB, sarcoid |
| Causes of False Negatives with PET Scan | slow growing tumors (carcionoid, bronchoalveolar lung CA) |
| Hyperplasia | Increased Number of Cells |
| Metaplasia give an example | Replacement of 1 tissue with another (GERD squamous epithelium in esophagus changed to columnar gastric tissue, Barrets) |
| Dysplasia | altered size, shape and organization |
| Core Needle Biopsy vs Fine Needle Biopsy | Core Needle Bx - gives architecture Fine Needle Aspiration - gives cytology |
| CEA | Colon Cancer |
| AFP | Liver Cancer |
| CA 19-9 | Pancreatic Cancer |
| CA 125 | Ovarian Cancer |
| Tumor Marker beta-HCG | Testicular Cancer Choriocarcinoma |
| PSA | Prostate Cancer thought to be a tumor marker with highest sensitivity although specificity is low |
| Tumor Marker NSE | small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma |
| BRCA I and II | Breast Cancer |
| Tumor Marker Chromogranin A | Carcinoid Tumor |
| Ret Oncogene | Thyroid Medullary Cancer |
| half life of CEA | 18 Days |
| half life of PSA | 18 days |
| half life of AFP | 5days |
| Cancer Transformation | Heritable alteration in genome Loss of growth regulation |
| Latency Period | Time between exposure and formation of clinically detectable tumor |
| What are Proto-oncogenes? | human genes with malignant potential |
| Human Papillomavirus is associated with which Malignancy? | Cervical Cancer |
| Helicobacter Pylori is associated with what malignancy? | Gastric Cancer |
| Hepatitis B and C viruses are associated with which malignancy? | Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| EBV is associated with which malignancies? | Burkitt's Lymphoma Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma |
| What is the most vulnerable stage of cell cycle for XRT? | M phase |
| Higher-energy Radiation | Has skin preserving effect maximal ionizing potential not reached until deeper structures |
| Fractionate XRT doses | allows repair of normal cells allows re-oxygenation of tumors allows redistribution of tumor cells in cell cycle |
| Very Radiosensitive Tumors | high mitotic rate seminomas, lymphomas |
| Very Radioresistant Tumors | Low mitotic rate epithelial, sarcomas |
| Brachytherapy | source of radiation in or next to tumor (Au-198, I-128) - radioactive implants, delivers high, concentrated doses of radiation |
| Gamma Knife | Cobalt XRT focused beams of radiation prevents harming surrounding healthy tissue. |
| Cell Cycle-specific Agents | 5FU, Methotrexate exhibit plateau in cell-killing ability |
| Cell Cycle-Nonspecific Agents | linear response to cell killing |
| Tamoxifen | Blocks estrogen receptor decreases short term risk of breast cancer 1% risk of blood clots 0.1% risk of endometrial cancer |
| Taxol MoA and Side Effect | Promotes Microtubule formation and stabilization that cannot be broken down; cells are ruptured s/e: neuropathy |
| Side Effect of Bleomycin and Busulfan | Can cause pulmonary fibrosis |
| Cisplatin & side effects | Platinum Alkylating Agent s/e: Nephrotoxic, Neurotoxic, Ototoxic |
| Carboplatin & side effects | Platinum Alkylating Agent S/e: bone (myelo) suppression |
| Vincristine & side effects | Microtubule inhibitor s/e: peripheral neuropathy, neurotoxic |
| Vinblastine & side effects | microtubule inhibitor bone (myelo) suppression |
| Cyclophosphamide & side effects | alkylating agent, alkyl group form covalent bonds to DNA Acrolein is active metabolite s/e: gonadal dysfunction, SIADH, hemorrhagic cystitis |
| Medication to use with Cyclophosphamide to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis | Mesna |
| Levamisole | anthelminthic drug thought to stimulate immune system against cancer |
| Methotrexate & side effects | inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which inhibits purine and DNA synthesis s/e: renal toxicity, myelosuppression, mucositis |
| Leucovorin | folinic acid, reverses the effects of methotrexate increases 5FU toxicity |
| 5-Fluorouracil | inhibits thymidylate synthetase inhibits purine and DNA synthesis |
| Doxorubicin & side effects | DNA intercalator, O2 radical formation s/e: Heart toxicity 2/2 to Oxygen radicals at total doses >500mg/m^2 |
| MoA of Etoposide | VP-16 inhibits topoisomerase which normally unwinds DNA |
| GCSF & side effects | granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ued for neutrophil recovery after chemo s/e: Sweet's Syndrome |
| Sweet's Syndrome | Acute Febrile Neutropenic Dermatitis sudden onset of tender or painful bumps (nodules or papules) on the arms, legs, face or neck side effect from GCSF |
| When would you resect a normal breast to prevent cancer? | + BRCA I or II with strong family history |
| When would you resect a normal thyroid to prevent cancer? | RET proto-oncogene with family history of thyroid cancer |
| List Tumor Suppressor Genes | Retinoblastoma p53 APC DCC bcl BRCA |
| List of proto-oncogenes | RAS SRC SIS Erb B MYC |
| Retinoblastoma gene | tumor suppressor chromosome 13 cell cycle regulation |
| p53 | tumor suppressor chromosome 17 normal gene induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; abnormal gene causes unrestrained cell growth |
| APC | Tumor Suppressor Gene Chromosome 5 involved with cell cycle regulation and movemnt |
| DCC | tumor suppressor chromosome 18 involved in cell adhesion |
| bcl | tumor suppressor involved in apoptosis |
| BRCA | tumor suppressor involved in DNA damage/repair, also cell cycle regulation |
| ras | proto-oncogene G protein defect (GTPase) |
| src | proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase defect |
| sis | proto-oncogene platelet derived growth factor receptor defect |
| erb B | proto-oncogene epidermal growth factor receptor defect |
| myc | proto-oncogene transcription factors |
| Li-Fraumeni Syndrome | defect in p53 gene childhood sarcomas, breast CA, brain tumors, leukemia, adrenal CA |
| Genes involved in colon CA | APC, p53, DCC, and K-ras |
| Cancers associated with Coal tar | larynx, skin, bronchial CA |
| Cancers associated with Beta-naphthylamine | urinary tract/bladder CA |
| Cancers associated with Benzene | Leukemia |
| Cancers Associated with Asbestos | Lung CA Mesothelioma |
| Troisier sign | hard and enlarged left supraclavicular node (Virchow node), and is considered a sign of metastatic abdominal malignancy |
| Cancers associated with suspicious supraclavicular nodes | neck, breast, lung, stomach (Virchow's), pancreas |
| Cancers associated with suspicious axillary node | #1 Lymphoma breast, melanoma |
| Sister Mary Joseph Node | periumbilical node associated with pancreatic cancer |
| Metastases to the ovaries, what are the 2 MC primary cancers from? | Gastric AdenoCA (Krukenberg tumor) Colon |
| MC primary sites of bone mets | breast (#1) prostate |
| MC primary cancer with skin mets | Breast CA and melanoma |
| MC primary cancer with small bowel metastases | melanoma |
| Question that is answered in phase 1 clinical trial | is it safe and at what dose? |
| Question that is answered in phase 2 clinical trial | is it effective? |
| Question that is answered in phase 3 clinical trial | Is it better than existing therapy? |
| what is phase 4 clinical trial | implementation and marketing |
| What is induction therapy? | the initial treatment |
| What is primary (Neoadjuvant) chemotherapy? | medicines that are administered before surgery for the treatment of cancer |
| What is adjuvant therapy? | Chemotherapy and radiation, or chemotherapy and surgery are used together |
| What is salvage therapy? | Surgery or chemotherapy given to a patient when other therapeutic choices have failed |
| En bloc multiorgan resection | resection a large bulky tumor with aggressive local invasiveness b/w organs |
| Sentinel LN Biopsy | 1st LN in which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor is removed |
| Most successfully cured metastasis with surgery | germ cell tumor (seminoma) |
| a tumor that surgical debulking can improve chemotherapy | ovarian cancer |
| curable solid tumors with chemotherapy onlly | Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
| Name 2 T-cell Lymphomas | HTLV-1 (skin lesions) mycosis fungoides (Sezary cells) |
| HIV related malignancies | Kaposi's Sarcoma Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
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