Flashcards
The Back: Bones, Joints & Muscles
Cards in this deck (33)
- 1How are the verterbae separated?Fibro-cartilagenous intervertebral discs
- 2How many bones comprise each region of the vertebral column?Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5, fused to form sacrum
Coccygeal - 1-4 dependant on the person - 3Vertebral column: FunctionsEnables upright posture
Supports body weight
Protects & transmits the spinal cord + its nerves
Supports the skull & allows for its movement
Contributes to the ribcage
Locamotion - 4Vertebral column: CurvaturesPrimary curvature - Kyphosis
• Concave anteriorly
• Present in utero
• Remains in thoracic and sacral region
Secondary curvature - Lordosis
• Concave posteriorly
• Not present in utero
• In the cervical & lumbar regions - 5When do the lordosis's appear?Cervical lordosis - after birth when the baby can first lift their head
Lumbar lordosis - when the baby first stands/walks - 6What are the features of a typical vertebra?Vertebral body
Intervertebral surface - endplate
Vertebral arch formed by lamina & pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Spinous & Transvers processes
Superior & Inferior articular processes/facets - 7What region would this vertebra be found?Cervical region
- 8Features of: Cervical vertebraeSmall body
Unicate process - synovial articulation w/ vertebra above
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Superior articular facet - flat & facing superior & posterior - 9Name this bone & state its featuresAtlas - C1
• No body, just ant. & post. arches connecting the lateral facets
• Superior articular facet which articulates with the occipital condyles
• Inferior articular facet which articulates with the axis
Groove for vertebral artery
- 10Name this bone & state its main featureAxis - C
Dens/odontoid process for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas
- 11What region would this vertebra be found?Thoracic region
- 12Features of: Thoracic vertebraSuperior articular facets - flat facing posterior-laterally to allow rotation
Transverse process = long & w/ a facet for articulation with the tubercle of a rib (T1-T10 only)
Costal demi-facets for articulation w/ the head of a rib
Long spinous process, pointing inferiorly - 13Features of: Lumbar spineLarge kidney-shaped vertebral body
Superior articular facets are concave & face posterior-medially - interlocking w/ inferior facets
Short, broad & blunt spinous process - 14Features of: SacrumSacral promontory - anterior projection of S1
Median, intermediate & lateral crests - union of spinous, articular & transverse processes
Anterior + Posterior foramen & Sacral hiatus - branches of the spinal nerves pass through - 15What are the 2 joints of the vertebral column?1. Zygapophyseal/Facet joints
• Synovial joints between articular processes
2. Symphysis or Secondary Cartilagenous Joints
• between end plates & intervertebral discs - 16Composition of the intervertebral discNucleus pulposes surrounded by an outer layer of annulus fibrosis
Nucleus pulposes = gelatinous (70-90% water + collagen)
• absorbs compressive forces
Annulus fibrosis = concentric, lamellae of fibrocartilage
• held in place by the ant. & post. longitudinal ligaments - 17If a disc herniates or prolapses, what may it compress?Spinal cord
Cauda equina
An emerging spinal nerve, below the disc which has herniated - 18What are the ligaments of the vertbral column?1. Anterior Atlanto-Axial & Atlanto-occipital membranes which continue down as the Anterior longitudinal lig.
• between atlas & sacrum to limit extension
2. Tectorial membrane
• extends between the foramen magnum & C2 & continues down as the Posterior longitudinal lig.
• between C2 & sacrum to resist hyper-flexion
3. Ligamentum Flava
• between vertebral laminae to limit flexion & support the curvatures
4. Intertransverse lig. - 19What are the ligaments of the vertbral column? continued...5. Supra-spinous lig.'s
• between C7 & sacrum , continuous w/ nuchal lig.
6. Nuchal lig.
• between external occipital protrudance & post. edge of foramen magnum to C7
• limits flexion
7. Interspinous lig.'s
8. Alar lig.'s
• dens to side of foramen magnum to prevent excessive rotation
9. Transverse lig.
• keeps dens close to anterior arch
10. Longitudinal fascicles - 20What comprises the crucial ligament & what is its function?Transvers lig. & sup. + inf. longitudinal fascicles
• prevents excessive movement between the axis, atlas & occipital - 21How does the vertebral column receive its vascular supply?• Anastomotic rings form from arteries arising from the vertebral arteries & posterior intercostal & lumbar branches of the aorta
• Internal & external venous plexus coalesce drain to the vein equivalent to the arteries above - 22Extrinsic back muscles are...• Superficial
• Involved in upper limb & thoracic wall movements
• Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves - 23Intrinsic back muscles are...• Located deep between spinous processes & the angle of the ribs
• Adapted to provide support & movement in resistance to effect of gravity
• Involved in vertebral column & head movement
• Innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves - 24How many layers of back muscles are there?3
- 25What 2 muscles make up the most superficial layer of the back?Trapezius & Latissimus Dorsi
- 26Trapezius: 1. Attachements 2. Movements 3. Innervation1. Distal = skull, nuchal lig & spinous processes of C7-T12
Proximal = clavicle, acromion & scapular spine
2. Extends neck, upper fibres elevate, intermediate fibres retract & lower fibres depress the shoulder
3. Accessory nerve - 27Latissimus Dorsi: 1. Attachements 2. Movements 3. Innervation1. Distal = spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs
Proximal = Humerus
2. Shoulder extension, adduction & medial rotation
3. Thoracodorsal nerve - 28What 5 muscles make up the intermediate layer of the back?Levator scapula - elevates the scapula
Rhombiod major + minor - retracts & elevates the scapula
Seratus posterior inferior + superior - expiration - 29What muscles are in the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles & what is their function?Splenius capitis & Spenius Cervicis
• work together to extend the neck
• alone they rotate & laterally flex the neck - 30The intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles contains the errector spinae - what 3 muscles comprise this column?From lateral to medial -
• iliocostalis
• longissimus
• spinalis - 31What are the 3 major muscles in the deep ayer of intrinsic back mucles?Semispinalis
Multifudis
Rotatores - 32What are the deep neck muscles?Obliquus capitis seuperior & inferior
Rectus capitis posteror major & minor - 33The deep neck muscles form the suboccipital triangle - what does this transmit?Vertebral artery + vein & suboccipital nerve
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- MD2001 Flashcards on The Back: Bones, Joints & Muscles, created by Lareyna Mcmenemy on 30/07/2018.
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- Lareyna Mcmenemy
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