Flashcards
ling revision
Cards in this deck (55)
- 1What is the difference between passive and active articulators?Passive articulators do not move (e.g. teeth)
Active articulators move (e.g. tongue) - 2Articulators on the bottom of the tract- Bottom lip
Bottom teeth
- tongue - 3Articulators on the top of the tract- top lip
- top teeth
- alveolar ridge
- hard palate
- soft palate
- uvula
- pharyngeal wall
- epiglottis - 4What is included in the vocal tract?- Pharynx
- Nasal cavity/tract
- Oral cavity / tract - 5How the state of the glottis determines voicing- What the glottis is SHUT air flow stops
- When the glottis is OPEN air passes straight through (like 'f' not voiced)
- When CONSTRICTED, airflow causes the vocal folds to vibrate and produces voiced sounds. - 6what is the difference between manner and place of articulation?Manner is the shape of the vocal tract
place is the location of crucial constriction - 7What are the 4 broad distinctions in manner of articulation?- Sonorant vs Obstruent sounds
- Continuant vs Occlusive sounds - 8Describe sonorant sounds- Smooth flow of air through the vocal tract. Can be through the oral or nasal cavities
VOWELS, GLIDES, LIQUIDS, NASALS - 9Describe Obstruent soundsTurbulent or no airflow out of the vocal tract. Only possible through oral cavity
FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES - 10Describe continuant soundsSustained flow of air through the oral cavity. Can be turbulent of smooth
- 11Describe occlusive soundsAirflow is blocked in the oral cavity. Must have a sustained, complete closure.
- 12Describe an oral stopComplete closure of the vocal tract where the oral cavity and velar port are closed
- 13Describe as nasalAir flows through the nasal cavity, the oral cavity is closed and the velar port is open
- 14Describe fricativesFricatives are produced with a narrow almost closed vocal tract and turbulent airflow. They are loud hissing sounds.
e.g. th, f, v - 15Describe affricatesA stop which opens to a fricative, they count as occlusives as they begin with a sustained closure of the oral cavity
e.g. ch, dg - 16Describe approximantsApproximants are produced with a narrow vocal tract without turbulence, a smooth flow of air through the oral cavity
e.g. y, w, r - 17Descrive trillsA fluttering series of closures
- 18Describe lateralsLaterals allow air by the sides of the tongue
- 19Place of articulation: BILABIALSBilabial sounds are made with 2 lips
e.g. b, p, m - 20place of articulation: LABIODENTALMade with the lower lip and top teeth
- 21place of articulation: APICALDENTALMade with the tip of the tongue and top teeth
- 22Place of articulation: ALVEOLARSMade with the tongue tip/blade and alveolar ridge
- 23Place of articulation: LAMINALPOSTALVEOLARMade with the tongue blade and back of alveolar ridge
- 24Place of articulation: RETROFLEXESMade by curling the tongue tip back
- 25Place of articulation: DORSAL PALATALMade with the tongue body and hard palate
- 26Place of articulation: DORSAL VELARMade with the tongue body and velum
- 27Place of articulation: EPIGLOTTALSMade by moving the epiglottis back
- 28Describe breathy voiceInvolves control of glottal aperture
- glottis is more ope than constricted but not fully open
- Vocal folds vibrate loosely
- transcribed with diacritic .. - 29describe creaky voiceInvolves control of vocal fold stiffness
- vocal folds vibrate stiffly at a low pitch
- Transcribed with diacritic ~ - 30What are the rules for writing environment of phones- begin with /
- # signifies a word edge
- an _ signifies the phone being described
- Describing universal rules V = vowel, C = consonant - 31Describe syllables- All syllables have a nucleus
- Not all have an onset or a coda
- Onset is before nucleus
- Coda is after nucleus
- If a syllable contains a vowel that is always the nucleus
- Nucleus may have consonants but onset and coda ONLY have CONSONANTS - 32Describe the sonority priciple- Phones are classified as to how sonorous/loud they are
- Sonority reaches a peak in the nucleus and then falls - 33Sounds in order from most to least sonorous- Vowels
- Semi vowels
- Liquids
- Nasals
- Fricatives
- Stops - 34describe the maximal onset principleInside words, make every onset as large as possible without creating an onset which would be impossible at the start of a word
- 35Describe fixed stressAll words with the same number of syllables have the same stress pattern
- 36What is pitch and fundamental frequency- Pitch/fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of vibration
- Factors which affect f0 include the size and shape of the larynx, and tension of the vocal folds, more tension = higher pitch
- more than 50% of languages use pitch to distinguish words - 37Describe Tone Languages- There is a specific tone for every syllable
- Simplest has just H and L
- Tone is often a property of syllables
- Many tone languages have one pitch target (= level tone)
- Syllables with multiple pitch targets = contour tone - 38Describe accent languages- Use pitch more sparingly
- Fewer tonal contrasts
- Normally 1 tone per word
- Pitch contrasts are based on placement of accent of a word, different level of contour tones associated with the word, words with or without tone - 39Describe english stylised calling tune- L at the beginning. It stretches to the right if there's room, deletes if there's none)
- H on the stressed syllable, stretches to the right if there's room, bunches up with M if it needs to
- M at the end, bunches up with H if it needs to
CAN BE USED WITH WHOLE SENTENCES NOT JUST WORDS - 40What are the 3 non-pulmonic sounds?- Non pulmonic sounds do not rely on airflow from the lungs, therefore all are voiceless
- Implosives
- Ejectives
- Clicks - 41What are the speech organs?- Lungs
- Trachea
- Larynx
- Vocal tract - 42What kind of airflow is used for vowels?Smooth, free airflow
- 43production of rounded vs unrounded vowelsunrounded vowels are produced with lips in a long thin shape, whereas rounded vowels are produced with more rounded lips
- 44What are the 3 main dimensions for describing vowels?- Height (closeness or openness)
- Backness
- Rounding - 45Oral vs nasal vowels- Vowels can be nasalised, produced with the velar port open and transcribed with ~ above
Oral vowels are produced with the velar port closed - 46transcription of long vowelsLong vowels are transcribed with : (small triangle shapes) after them
- 47Dipthongs vs monopthongsDipthongs have 2 vowel targets
Monopthongs have 1 vowel target - 48vowel acoustics:- Due to resonances
- Smooth airflow through the vocal tract
- Longer tubes resonate at lower frequencies, shorter tubes at higher
- Rounded vowels with protruded lips makes the oral cavity lightly longer - 49resonance for vowels2 main resonating spaces in our mouth for vowels
1. Between the larynx and where the tongue has narrowed the vocal tract
2. in front of the narrowing created by the tongue - 50Which sounds are SONORANT?Nasals and approximants
- 51Which sounds are OBSTRUENTStop fricative, affricates
- 52Which sounds are continuant?Fricatives, liquids, approximants
- 53Which sounds are OcclusiveStop, nasal, affricate
- 54What is passive devoicing and how can it be counteracted?Passive devoicing occurs when stops run out of air, and the vocal fold consequently stop vibrating. This can be counteracted by expanding the vocal tract to take in more air. Larynx is lowered to lengthen it, and root of tongue is shifted forward to widen the pharynx
- 55Describe aspirationGlottal timing is deliberately mismatched so that voicing doesn't exactly match the movements in the vocal tract. This can occur next to certain voiceless stops. Next to obstruents when the state of the glottis is the same as during the obstruent.
transcribed with a little h
e.g. t h i l (till) vs still
Information
- Description
- Flashcards on ling revision, created by Soph B on 26/08/2018.
- Created by
- Soph B
- Views
- 1
- Rating