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Physical Anthropology Notes

1unikinz1 . Physical Anthropology LSAT English 70 cards

Cards in this deck (70)

  1. 1Hominoida member of the biological superfamily Hominoidea, including all modern great apes and humans and a number of their extinct ancestors and relatives.
  2. 2Bipedal(of an animal) using only two legs for walking.
  3. 3Australopithecus (asut-ral-opi-thecus)Fossil of hominin genus. Australopithecus, (Latin: “southern ape”) (genus Australopithecus), group of extinct primates closely related to, if not actually ancestors of, modern human beings and known from a series of fossils found at numerous sites in eastern, north-central, and southern Africa.
  4. 4PrimitiveRelating to, denoting, or preserving the character of an early stage in the evolutionary or historical development of something.
  5. 5CultureThe arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.
  6. 6Biocultural evolutionbiocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.
  7. 7Cultural Anthropologythe branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human societies and cultures and their development.
  8. 8Physical Anthropologythe branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their development.
  9. 9Linguistic AnthropologyLinguistic anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities.
  10. 10ArchaeologyArchaeological anthropology is the study of past humans and cultures through material remains. It involves the excavation, analysis and interpretation of artifacts, soils, and cultural processes.
  11. 11Paleoanthropologythe branch of anthropology concerned with fossil hominids.
  12. 12Material CultureMaterial culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth.
  13. 13Geneticsthe study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
    the genetic properties or features of an organism, characteristic, etc.
  14. 14TheoryA supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
  15. 15HypothesisA supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
  16. 16Cellthe smallest structural and functional unit of an organism that we know of, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
  17. 17CollagenThe main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissue.
  18. 18Mitochondriaan organelle found in large numbers in most cells, respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
  19. 19Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
  20. 20Ribosomesa minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
  21. 21Metabolismthe chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
  22. 22Regulatory GenesA regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often 5' to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate
  23. 23Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
  24. 24DNA structureDNA structure. DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code.
  25. 25DNA replicationDNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.
  26. 26DNA repair systemMedical Definition of DNA repair. DNA repair: The process by which a cell uses a series of special enzymes to repair mutations (changes) in DNA and restore the DNA to its original state. ... This repair process is controlled by special genes.
  27. 27homologous(of chromosomes) pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes.
  28. 28NucleusA dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
  29. 29meiosisa type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
  30. 30Somatic Cellsany cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
  31. 31Mitosisa type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
  32. 32GametesA mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
  33. 33nondisjunctionThe failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei
  34. 34Protein SynthesisProtein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins. Within the process are involved both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and different in their function ribonucleic acids (RNA)
  35. 35hormonesA regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
    a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant hormone.
    a person's sex hormones as held to influence behavior or mood.
  36. 36Amino AcidsAmino acids are organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids.
  37. 37MutationThe changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
  38. 38EvolutionThe theory of process by which different kinds of living organisms have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
  39. 39Natural SelectionThe process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution
  40. 40Species/Fixity of SpeciesMost species haven't changed genetically over a long period of time. Basically the concept is that most animals, organisms and eukaryotic/prokaryotic cells remained a constant and that all physical matter/energy remained unchanged, no evolution, entropy, etc.
  41. 41John RayEven though John Ray was a staunch believer in the hand of God in the changing of a species, his great contributions to the field of Biology were very influential in Charles Darwin's initial Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection. John Ray was a highly influential English naturalist and botanist whose contributions to taxonomy are considered groundbreaking and historic
  42. 42LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) was a Swedish botanist and taxonomist. One of his principle contributions was the taxonomic system of binomial nomenclature. Arolus Linnaeus is considered the 'Father of Taxonomy' because he developed a way to name and organize species that we still use today.
  43. 43NomenclatureThe system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.
  44. 44Binomial Nomenclaturethe system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.
  45. 45TaxonomyThe branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.
  46. 46LamarckLamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first presented in 1801 (Darwin's first book dealing with natural selection was published in 1859): If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. The second part of Lamarck's mechanism for evolution involved the inheritance of acquired traits. He believed that traits changed or acquired over an individual's lifetime could be passed down to its offspring.
  47. 47Acquired Characteristicsa modification or change in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an organism due to use, disuse, or environmental effects, and not inherited.
  48. 48Cuvier CatastrophismCatastrophism was the theory that the Earth had largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. This was in contrast to uniformitarianism (sometimes described as gradualism), in which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, created all the Earth's geological features. Cuvier proposed that now-extinct species had been wiped out by periodic catastrophic flooding events. In this way, Cuvier became the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century.
  49. 49Malthus Principle Of PopulationWith the publications of Thomas Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population, the view on human population growth was altered. Malthus believed that the human population exhibits exponential growth, which is when the increase is proportional to the amount already present.
  50. 50Charles DarwinCharles Darwin was a famous naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestorsand, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
  51. 51Natural SelectionNatural selection, process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in its genotype, or genetic constitution.
  52. 52Selective PressuresSelective pressure is any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment. It is the driving force of evolution and natural selection, and it can be divided into two types of pressure: biotic or abiotic.
  53. 53Gregor MendelGregor Mendel is usually considered to be the founder of modern genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity
  54. 54Principle of SegregationThe principles that govern heredity were discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1860's. One of these principles, now called Mendel's law of segregation, states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
  55. 55Recessive/DominantThe terms dominant and recessive describe the inheritance patterns of certain traits. ... For a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent. An individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will have the dominant phenotype.
  56. 56Homozygous/HeteroxygusAlternative forms of a given gene are called alleles, and they can be dominant or recessive. When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous. Heterozygous means having one each of two different alleles.
  57. 57Genotype/PhenotypeThe genotype is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait. The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait. For example, two organisms that have even the minutest difference in their genes are said to have different genotypes.
  58. 58PolygenicPolygenic traits are controlled by two or more than two genes (usually by many different genes) at different loci on different chromosomes. These genes are described as polygenes Examples of polygenic inheritance in nature can be found in many places: in human height, skin color, and hair color; in animal size, longevity, or disease resistance; and in plants with grain color, length of maize, or flower size. All of these traits are influenced by multiple genes and considered polygenic.
  59. 59RecombinationThe rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms.
  60. 60PopulationA particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in an area or country.
  61. 61Genetic EquilibriumGenetic equilibrium describes the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool where the frequency does not change from generation to generation. Genetic equilibrium describes a theoretical state that is the basis for determining whether and in what ways populations may deviate from it. If all assumptions are true then alleles in this population are said to be in equilibrium. Example of these assumptions include: no mutations, Very large (infinite) population size (no genetic drift) , no migration ( no gene flow), random mating and no natural selection.
  62. 62VariationA change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits. ; a different or distinct form or version of something.
  63. 63Genetic DriftVariation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
  64. 64MicroevolutionMicroevolution happens on a small scale (within a single population), while macroevolution happens on a scale that transcends the boundaries of a single species. Despite their differences, evolution at both of these levels relies on the same, established mechanisms of evolutionary change: mutation
  65. 65Human Biocultural EvolutionDual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.
  66. 66Gene PoolGene pool refers to the total number of genes of every individual in a population. It usually involves a particular species within a population. ... A large gene pool indicates high genetic diversity, increased chances of biological fitness, and survival.
  67. 67ExogamyExogamy is a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside a social group. ... A form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups engage in continual wife exchange. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group.
  68. 68Gene FlowIn population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration or allele flow) is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations are considered to have equivalent genetic diversity and therefore effectively be a single population.
  69. 69Reproductive SuccessReproductive success is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes.
  70. 70Scientific MethodThe Scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions.
    Steps of the Scientific Method
    Make an Observation. Scientists are naturally curious about the world. ...
    Form a Question. After making an interesting observation, a scientific mind itches to find out more about it. ...
    Form a Hypothesis. ...
    Conduct an Experiment. ...
    Analyse the Data and Draw a Conclusion.

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Chapter 1-4
Created by
1unikinz1 . · Sep 2018
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Sep 18, 2018
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