GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Neurophysiology Lectures

Juliette Carroll AHSF English 102 cards

Name structures 1-9

Cards in this deck (102)

  1. 1What is a ligand with respect to the plasma membrane?A substance which binds to the transmembrane proteins and triggers and change in their shape/something (eg. signal protein) within the cell to change (?)
  2. 2Name the 4 membrane transport pathways1) Passive transport (diffusion/osmosis)
    2) Active transport
    3) Secondary active transport
    4) Endocytosis/exocytosis
  3. 3Which types of molecules is endo/exocytosis used for?Large molecules ie. proteins
  4. 4Briefly describe secondary active transportSubstances move across the membrane down an electrochemical gradient created by active transport
  5. 5How does myelination affect the rate of firing of action potentials?Myelination speeds up the rate of firing of action potentials
  6. 6In what way does myelination increase the rate of firing of action potentials?The action potential skips the myelinated portion of the nerve cell and fires at the next uninsulated section (the action potential does not have to travel down each consecutive bit of the axon and therefore travels more quickly)
  7. 7Why doesn’t current flow on the myelinated regions of the axon?They are very high resistance
  8. 8What is the reason for the nodes of Ranvier not to be too far apart?To prevent the action potential from “dying out” before it reaches the next node
  9. 9What is saltatory conduction?The jumping of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next
  10. 10How does the speed of the action potential in nerve cells differ to that of the action potentials in muscles ie. cardiac?It is much much quicker in nerve cells than in cardiac cells
  11. 11What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
  12. 12What is the main aim of the autonomic nervous system?Control of body function
  13. 13Why is the autonomic nervous system sometimes referred to as the visceral nervous system?Because it relates to organs and their function
  14. 14Which types of structure do the effectors of the autonomic nervous system consist of?1) Cardiac muscle
    2) Smooth muscle
    3) Certain glands
  15. 15Which types of reflexes/responses does the autonomic nervous system control?1) Autonomic (automatic) reflexes
    2) Involuntary activity in visceral structures ie. heart/gut/salivary glands
  16. 16What is the main difference between afferent and efferent nerves?Afferent nerves carry signals towards the CNS and efferent nerves carry signals away from the CNS
  17. 17When does the autonomic nervous system affect skeletal muscle?In response to a painful stimulus (ie. situations in which the reflexes of the somatic nervous system would be too slow to prevent harm to the organism)
  18. 18What are the efferent nerves of the a) somatic b) autonomic nervous system called?a) Alpha motoneurones
    b) Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor neurones
  19. 19Define a reflexA fast, involuntary, stereotypical motor response to a stimulus
  20. 201) What are the involuntary responses of the autonomic nervous system key to? 2) Give an example of this1) The coordinated movements and responses which are under voluntary control
    2) When bending over, reflex responses cause muscle tension in the muscles of the thorax and the neck to prevent the body from falling over under the weight of the head
  21. 21Under which category/ies do most of the processes of the autonomic system fall?Reflexes (fast responses) or triggers (longer term effects such as the release of hormones)
  22. 22Name 3 characteristics which tend to describe reflexes1) Fast
    2) Coordinated
    3) Involuntary
  23. 23What are the two types of control the autonomic nervous system can exert?Stimulators and inhibitory
  24. 24Which type of control maintains the normal state?Inhibitory control
  25. 25Give an example of a disease in which the inhibitory input of the nervous system is malfunctioning?Parkinson’s (too much stimulation of motor neurones?)
  26. 26Give 3 examples of autonomic (visceral) reflexes1) Control of blood pressure
    2) Blushing
    3) Salivation
  27. 27What 3 factors do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ in?1) Anatomical organisation
    2) Physiological effects
    3) Pharmacological properties
  28. 28Which 3 things can influence the ANS?1) The hypothalamus
    2) Parts of the lambic system
    3) Emotions/behaviour
  29. 29What do the terms craniosacral (parasympathetic) and thoracolumbar (sympathetic) refer to?The positions from which the nerves originate/terminate (?) on the spinal cord
  30. 30Name structures 1-91) Cranial
    2) Sympathetic ganglia
    3) Cervical vertebrae
    4) T1
    5) Thoracic vertebrae
    6) L1
    7) Lumbar vertebrae
    8) Sacral vertebrae
    9) Brain stem    Name structures 1-9
  31. 31What does it mean that the sympathetic nervous system is pervasive?Innervates widely throughout the body
  32. 32Which of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems innervate the majority of structures in the body?Both
  33. 33What is the difference in the lengths of the preganglionic nerves in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?The preganglionic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system tend to be short (ganglia found in spinal cord) and those of the parasympathetic nervous system tend to be long
  34. 34What types of thing stimulate salivary secretion?Chewing, nausea, smells etc.
  35. 35Give an example of a reflex in which the parasympathetic nervous system has a stimulatory actionSalivary secretion
  36. 36Where are the signals which determine the degree of salivary secretion (ie. chewing, dehydration, fatigue etc.) integrated before a response is produced?Within nuclei in the medulla
  37. 37What does it mean that the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are USUALLY antagonistic?They have opposing effects on bodily functions
  38. 38What is the heart capable of (in relation to the nervous system) that most other organs are not?Self-regulation (without nervous input) of muscle contraction ie.heartbeat
  39. 39How does sympathetic drive affect the activity in the gut?It reduces it
  40. 40What effect does a) Sympathetic activity b) Parasympathetic activity have on the pacemaker of the heart?a) Increases heart rate
    b) Reduces heart rate
  41. 41What effect does a) Sympathetic activity b) Parasympathetic activity have on cardiac ventricular muscle?a) Increases force of contraction
    b) Small effect on reducing force of contraction
  42. 42What effect does a) Sympathetic activity b) Parasympathetic activity have on gastric motility?a) Reduces motility
    b) Increases motility
  43. 43What effect does a) Sympathetic activity b) Parasympathetic activity have on salivary glands?a) Produces a thick, sparse secretion
    b) Watery, profuse secretion
  44. 44Which muscles are the actions described in the previous 4 slides referring to?Cardiac and smooth muscle
  45. 45Which structure are the synapses paired with in the autonomic nervous system?The ganglia
  46. 46How are the neurones in the autonomic nervous system arranged?Into pairs of neurones (one in the parasympathetic division and one in the sympathetic division)
  47. 47What are alpha and beta receptors?Chemical receptors (proteins or ligand gated ion channels) which detect the neurotransmitters travelling across synapses
  48. 48Where is adrenaline released from and where is this structure found?The adrenal medulla near the kidneys
  49. 49What 2 ways does the sympathetic nervous system have of communicating?1) Nerves
    2) Adrenaline
  50. 50What is necessary for cells to pick up signals and produce receptors without which they cannot do either of these things?Receptors
  51. 51Which neurotransmitter is most commonly used by the sympathetic division of the ANS AT EFFECTORS?Noradrenaline
  52. 52Which neurotransmitter is most commonly used by the parasympathetic division of the ANS AT EFFECTORS?Acetylcholine
  53. 53Why are muscarinic receptors called that?They respond to a chemical known as muscarine
  54. 54Which receptors does acetylcholine affect?Muscarinic receptors
  55. 55Which receptors does noradrenaline affect?Alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta-1
  56. 56Which neurotransmitter functions at the synapses of the ganglia for ALL parts of the ANS?Acetylcholine
  57. 57Which types of receptors does the acetylcholine at the ganglia affect?Nicotinic receptors
  58. 58What is the best design for a drug intended to inhibit action of the parasympathetic nervous system (if, for example, overactive? Why would it be a bad idea to design a drug which inhibits the action of acetylcholine?Design a drug that inhibits muscarinic receptors which are only present at the effectors of the PNS (sensitive to acetylcholine).Designing a drug which inhibits acetylcholine would affect the entire ANS because it is the neurotransmitter which works on all ganglionic synapses in the ANS
  59. 59How can one autonomic arm produce such diverse effects on different structures?1) The same neurotransmitter may interact with different types of receptor at different synapses evoking different effects within cells
    2) Different receptors signal via different G-proteins and second messenger systems
  60. 60Give an example of how one neurotransmitter can produce different effects in the sympathetic arm of the nervous systemNoradrenaline constricts blood vessels when it comes in contact with alpha adrenergic receptors and speeds up the heart rate when it comes in contact with beta adrenergic receptors
  61. 61How does the response of adrenergic receptors differ when stimulated by adrenaline and noradrenaline?Effects are similar but the strength of the action differs
  62. 62How does sympathetic drive (fight or flight?) affect the constriction of small blood vessels?1) Those in the heart, lungs, muscles, brain etc. are relaxed (weak constriction) in order to increase blood flow to these areas
    2) Strong constriction of the blood vessels of the skin, abdominal viscera, kidneys etc. to reduce blood flow to areas where it is not needed
  63. 63What does the weak/strong constriction of certain small blood vessels during fight or flight allow?Re-distribution of blood flow in favour of the critical organs and faster return to the heart and lungs for circulation
  64. 64How can an injection of adrenaline be useful for surgery and the use of local anaesthetic?Causes the constriction of blood vessels and allows the local to remain in this region for longer (can’t be carried away in the blood?)
  65. 65What is the disadvantage of using adrenaline injections?If you have an anxious patient, this can put their sympathetic drive into overdrive
  66. 66What is the vagal drive?Synonym for parasympathetic drive (/response)
  67. 67Which 2 branches is the somatic nervous system divided into?The central and peripheral nervous systems
  68. 68Which structures comprise the peripheral nervous system?Sensory receptors
    Sensory nerves
    Motor nerves
  69. 69What is important to remember about ganglia?They refer only to collections of cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS
  70. 70Which of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems control voluntary behaviours?Somatic
  71. 71Are the nerves in the dorsal root of the spinal cord afferent or efferent?Afferent
  72. 72Are the nerves in the ventral root of the spinal cord afferent or efferent?Efferent
  73. 73What is the purpose of receptors in muscles themselves?To inform the CNS of the degree of contraction etc. in the musle to aid locomation and maintenance of posture
  74. 74How is a voluntary response produced?Comes down to the involuntary reflex arc which already exists to stimulate the motor neurones in it
  75. 75What can happen as a result of disinhibition?Reflexes which occur are much larger than necessary/occur for much longer
  76. 76How does inhibitory control affect the size of a response?Makes it appropriate to size of stimulus (reflexes are much bigger before inhibition)
  77. 77Describe the "knee jerk" reflex and the reasons behind itFor each particular posture/movement, the muscles have a set length and tension
    Changing this by tapping on the tendon attached to a muscle produces a response (a "knee jerk") in an attempt to restore the appropriate length and tension for the posture/movement
  78. 78How is inhibitory control involved in the simple stretch ("knee jerk") refex arc?Inhibitory control occurs in the muscle which antagonises the one contracting (forcing it to relax) so that correct muscle length in both can be restored
  79. 79What is the muscle spindle?Stretch receptors wrapped around a muscle fibre which report back to the CNS on degree of length/stretch
  80. 80What do Golgi tendon organs report back to CNS on?Force of muscle
  81. 81Which of muscle spindle finbres and Golgi tendon organs have interneurons in their reflex arc?Golgi tendon organs
  82. 82Which two changes in muscle are there receptors for for maintaining posture?Muscle length
    Muscle tension
  83. 83Name pathways 1 and 21) Afferent pathway
    2) Efferent pathway    Name pathways 1 and 2
  84. 84What are intrafusal fibres?Fibres within muscle which don't contribute to contraction but act as stretch receptors
  85. 85What do muscle spindles detect?Length/stretch of muscle
  86. 86What do Golgi tendon organs detect?Force/tension in muscle
  87. 87What are muscle spindles needed for?Maintenance of correct muscle length in posture/movement
  88. 88What are Golgi tendon organs needed for?Maintenance of correct muscle tension in posture/movement
  89. 89What happens in contralateral reflexes?The action of one limb is opposed by the contralateral (opposite side) limb
  90. 90Explain the relevance of tripping up to contralateral reflexesWhen there is flexion in the right leg as a result of tripping over something, the left leg automatically extends to counteract this change
  91. 91What is the soma of a neuron?The cell body
  92. 92How many ions of Sodium and potassium are moved a) into b) out of the cell by the sodium-potassium pump?a) 2 Potassiums
    b) 3 Sodiums
  93. 93Is the inside or the outside of a nerve cell more positive?Outside
  94. 94How does ATP change the shape of the sodium potassium pump?Binds to pump and is converted to ADP + Pi providing energy for pump to change shape
  95. 95What prevents the potential difference across a cell membrane from becoming too high?Ion leak channels allowing Na+ to move back in and K+ to move back out
  96. 96Which types of ion channels are the acetylcholine receptor and the NMDA-receptor?Ligand-gated
  97. 97Which type of ion channel are Na+ and K+ channels?Voltage gated
  98. 98What is the equilibrium potential of K+?-95mV
  99. 99What is the equilibrium potential of Na+?+61mV
  100. 100What is the equilibrium potential of Ca2+?+137mV
  101. 101What is the equilibrium potential of Cl-?-65mV
  102. 102What 2 factors does the electrochemical gradient refer to?The concentration of particles inside and outside the membrane and the respective charges inside and outside the membrane

Information

Description
AHSF Flashcards on Neurophysiology Lectures, created by Juliette Carroll on 16/10/2018.
Views
2
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?