Flashcards
Stomach/ Abomasum
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1What are the 2 areas that can be found in the stomach (although not all species have both)?1. Non-glandular regions (stratified squamous cell lining): Pigs and Horses
2. Glandular regions (mucinous epithelium and gastric pits): All species (including ruminants - 2What are the defence mechanisms found in the stomach?1. Movement (vomiting/regurgitation, emptying)
2. Mucosal integrity/rapid turnover of surface cells
3. Microbiota
4. Secretions:
- Acid (bacteriostatic)
- Mucus (protective, positive charge)
- Prostaglandins
- IgA - 3Why does the mucous in the stomach being alkaline help?Protects/ neutralises the HCl produced by the stomach
- 4What are the 2 types of obstruction found in the stomach?- Partial
- Complete - 5Give examples of what can cause a partial obstruction?FBs
Displaced abomasum
Hernia -congenital, acquired
Pyloric stenosis - 6Give examples of what can cause a complete stomach obstruction.FBs
Torsion/volvulus - 7What are the predisposing factors to displacement of abomasum?- High producing dairy cows
- Predisposing factors:
* Activity
* Abomasal atony & ↑gas production
* Hypocalcaemia
* Organ adjustment after calving - 8What is the process that usually happens with displacement of abomasum?- Usually ventral & to left of the rumen
- → Acid-base & electrolyte alterations (↓Cl-, ↓K+), ketosis, abdominal pain (right displacement) - 9What is the consequence of a left displaced abomasum?-Normally benign so does not completely prevent emptying (just slower)
- 10What happens with gastric dilation in horses?- Fermentation (carbohydrates, lush pasture) → gas & lactic acid → water influx
- Idiopathic causes, secondary causes
- PME: Bloat line, compression of lungs, gastric tear - 11What happens with gastric dilation in dogs?- Secondary (to other gastric disorders)
- “Primary” - Large, deep-chested breeds
* Overeating, gas-production (Cl. perfringens, aerophagia, fermentation)
* Fluid accumulation (drinking, osmosis)
* Not able to vomit or progress ingesta
- Repeated episodes - 12What can the consequence of gastric dilation and volvulus be in the dog?- Recurrent GD stretches attachments causing instability
- Overfeeding, exercise after feeding
- Usually clockwise (viewed from behind) 180º, 270º, 360º
- Gastric hypoxaemia + compression of large veins
↓
cardiovascular effects → shock (rapidly fatal) - 13What occurs with gastric obstruction caused by pyloric stenosis?- Abnormal pyloric function
- Hypertrophy ± hyperplasia
- Brachycephalic dogs - Boxers, Siamese cats, horses - 14What occurs with a gastric obstruction caused by diaphragmatic hernia?- Congenital or acquired
- ±liver; ±intussusception of stomach into oesophagus
- Pressure on thorax, ↓lung function, congestion, ↓ venous return - 15When can gastric rupture occur?- Post mortem
- Antemortem - 16How can you tell the difference between post mortem or antemortem gastric rupture?- Dead animals don't bleed
- Muscle fibres contract further back than the mucosa - increasing haemorrhage - 17What is a erosive and ulcerative gastritis?- Imbalance between mucosal protective factors and the effects of HCl
- Stress, irregular feeding, NSAIDs, pH, local disturbance to mucosal barrier, heredity
- Erosions/ulcers = common sequelae of inflammation of epithelial surfaces
→ coagulation necrosis (crater), with crust or not, thrombosed blood vessels. May perforate or haemorrhage. Healing by granulation tissue → fibrous scar - 18What are features of equine erosive and ulcerative gastritis?- Common - Diet, stress
- Often cardial area (adjacent to margo plicatus)
- Glandular mucosa (NSAIDs) - 19What are features of ruminant erosive and ulcerative gastritis- Varying severity – usually pyloric region
- Calves – dietary change (+ stress), mechanical effect (roughage)
- Dairy – acidosis, abomasal displacement, impaction, torsion, BVD/MD, lymphoma - 20What are features of pig erosive and ulcerative gastritis- Common in housed pigs
- High carbohydrate + bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus and Bacillus)
- Always cardial area (stratified squamous epithelium) - 21What are features of dog and cat erosive and ulcerative gastritis- Mast cell tumour, skin - ↑ circulating histamine →↑ acid secretion
- Uraemic gastritis – with CRF
- Gastric and Pancreatic tumours
- Liver disease (fatty change/ tumour/ cirrhosis)
- Other diseases associated with vomiting, nausea
- Helicobacter? - 22Give 2 causes for parasitic gastritis.1. Gasterophilus spp
2. Ostertagiosis - abomasitis - 23What happens with Gasterophilus spp?- Equine bots (fly larvae)
- Third instars attach by pincers, cause small craters
- Site depends on species of fly
- Can be very numerous → Effects? - 24What happens with ostertagiosis - abomasitis?- Nodules 2-3 mm diameter “Moroccan leather” “cobblestone”
- Heavy infection – lesions confluent
- Emergence → epithelial necrosis, sloughing, bacterial infection
- Contents dark, fetid fluid
- Causes ill-thrift, loss of protein, oedema, diarrhoea - 25What happens in pigs with oedema disease (enterotoxaemic colibacillosis)?- E. coli infection post-weaning (fastest growing animals)
- Incoordination, collapse, tremor, convulsions, oedema in skin
- Marked oedema in stomach wall
- Vasotoxin (angiotoxin) → endothelial damage to arterial circulation
↓
↑↑ fluid loss (endotoxic shock) - 26What are the different types of stomach neoplasia that are found?- Gastric adenocarcinoma–most common, often presents as ulceration
- Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, SCC also occur
Information
- Description
- 4. Gastrointestinal (Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology - Rute Noiva) Flashcards on Stomach/ Abomasum, created by Rachael Jones on 23/10/2018.
- Created by
- Rachael Jones
- Views
- 0
- Rating