Flashcards
LING1005 FINAL EXAM
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- 1Describe the nature of sound changes1. sounds of languages change in a regular manner
2. sound changes affect coherent classes of sounds (Grimm's law)
3. Sound changes occur in specific environments - 2What ways can sound change?1. Physiological nature of sound (deletion, assimilation, lentition, epenthesis)
2. Social: People want to sound a certain way (e.g. rhoticity in NY) - 3What is contrast?The most fundamental component of a sound pattern. They are speech sounds that differentiate words.
The best tools for determining contrast is minimal pairs or sets, and then subminimal sets - 4When can phones be non-contrastive?When they are used in variation or complementary distribution. Speakers often regard these as the same sounds, and they are grouped into phonemes
- 5Describe phones in variationIn certain environments the phones can be swapped for on another and it does not change the meaning
e.g. /t/ and /?/ in button - 6Describe phones in complementary distributionThe phones have no environment in common
e.g. in english /n/ and nasal n - 7What are phonemes and allophones?Phonemes are a group of phones, and allophones are the phones (sounds) that make up the phoneme
- 8What are minimal pairs and sets?Minimal pairs and sets show contrast between phones, where they can be in the same environment and change the meaning of the word
e.g. /n/, /m/
Din and Dim = different words in the same environment, therefore they are contrastive - 9What are subminimal pairs?Subminimal pairs show contrast between 2 phones. It is when:
- At least the local environment is the same for both phones,
- and the 2 phones are in the same syllable position
e.g. heathen and cohesion - 10Describe deletionDeletion is when a sound is lost
Initial: k, g > 0 /#_n (knee, gnome)
Medial: t > 0 /_en (soften)
Final: b > 0 /m_# (lamb. limb) - 11Describe epenthesisWhen a segment is added
final: 0 > t /s_# (amongst) - 12Describe assimilationA sound becomes more like its environment
- place
- manner
- voicing
- neighbouring vowels
- Palatalisation - 13Describe lentitionWeakening or softening
- 14Describe the difference between rhotic and non rhotic varieties of englishRhotic varieties have maintained all "r" sounds
e.g. southern NZ. Scottish english
Non-rhotic varieties only have the "r" sound in onsets and not codas
e.g. Indian or southern British english - 15Is prestige arbitrary from the point of phonetics?Prestige IS arbitrary from the point of phonetics, the link between a speech sound and its prestige is no a matter of linguistics but sociolinguistics
e.g. fourth floor in New York - 16What are 6 common places of articulation for traditional Aboriginal phonologies1. bilabial
2. apical alveolar
3. apical post alveolar
4. laminal dental
5. laminal palatal
6. dorsal velar - 17What are the 5 common manners of articulation for traditional Australian phonologies1. Stops
2. Nasals
3. Taps/trills
4. Laterals
5. Approximants - 18Vowels in traditional Australian phonologies- Most languages contrast 3 vowel qualities
- Most contrast length
- Large range of allophonic variation
- More cross linguistic variation than consonants - 19What are the 2 main types of contact languages- Mixed languages
- Creoles
they can only develop when there in inequality between 2 language groups ( e.g. pressures of colonisation) - 20Factors of Kriol phonology1. Large variation due to geographical and sociocultural factors
2. different varieties have different phonologies
3. less consonant and vowel phonemes than english ( 5 vowel qualities and no consonant clusters)
4. Fricatives commonly replaced w stops
5. Consonant clusters avoided
6. Dipthong reduction - 21Consonants in Australian Aboriginal EnglishesMost consonants found in SAE are present in AAEs
- Nasals, laterals, rhotics, and other approximants are usually the same
- Obstruents can be quite different - 22Vowels in Australian Aboriginal englishes- Usually AAEs have fewer vowels than SAEs
- Heavier varieties are more similar to kriol (only 5 vowel qualities)
- Lighter varieties are closer to SAE - 23describe first language acquisition- All normal children acquire an L1 regardless of language (including sign language), intelligence, social environment
- Young infants can discriminate sounds that contrast in any of the world's languages (this starts to go away around 12 months with attuning to native language)
- Perception becomes categoric: infant brain sorts sounds into phonemic categories relevant to their particular language environment
- It is possible to have more than 1 L1 - 24describe the development of L1 production1. Non linguistic vocalisations (crying, laughing, cooing)
2. Babbling: repetitions of CVCV sequences, acquire labial and nasal sounds, become attuned to surrounding language
3. around 12m first word: one word utterances made up of the sounds developed in babbling. Show a consistent link to meaning - 25How is SLA different to L1A?- Already have an L1: this knowledge and sound pattern interferes with L2 learning
- requires a conscious effort
- Phonological instruction required
- Variation in ultimate attainment of L2
- Have to perceive and produce new speech sounds - 26Describe the critical period hypothesis- Refers to SLA
- That there is a specific time frame for acquiring an L2
- Proposed to be much more difficult after 12yoa - 27describe doubts for the CPH- It is suggested that earlier is better, but there is no evidence for a sharp sudden drop off in learning ability
- 28What is acquired in an L2?- new sounds
- Different phoneme/allophone relationships
- New ways of contrasting
- Different sound symbol correspondence
- different distribution of sounds
- different prosodic system
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- Flashcards on LING1005 FINAL EXAM, created by Soph B on 06/11/2018.
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