Flashcards
Univeristy of NSW History 1B Flashcards
Cards in this deck (97)
- 1What is Chivalry? What is a chevauchee?Medieval European Code of Honour (for nobles) A campaign of raiding against an enemy to reduce the productivity of their lands.
- 2What are the 5 types of Military History?Inspirational, Nationalistic, antiquarian(re-enactors history as hobby), military utilitarianism, civilian utilitarianism
- 3What is a Sarissa?A long (4-7m) spear used by the Macedonian Phalanx
- 4What is a Roman Tactica?Roman military tactics manual (used for training young nobles) surviving tactica written by
Vegetius (De Re Militari) and Sextus Julius Frontinius (Stratagems) - 5When were the Middle ages?600-1000 (early) 1001-1300 (High) 1301-1500 (late) all dates are creations of historians
- 6When/Where was the last burning for witchcraft?Scotland 1727
- 7When were the Dark Ages? Why is this term no longer used?Early middle ages (see above) is Eurocentric, ignores the Islamic Golden age that was occurring
- 8What does ‘Viking’ mean?Expedition
- 9What was the more common form of warfare in the middle ages (open or Siege)?Siege
- 10Who were the two Harolds in 11th century England?Harold Godwinson (the last English king) and Harald Harada (king of Norway who invaded England from the North while William of Normandy landed in the south
- 11When was the Battle of Tours? Who fought in it?732, Franks and the Umayyad Caliphate
- 12What battle took place in 1066?The battle of Hastings (also Stamford Bridge)
- 13What were the Crusader states created after the First crusade?Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, County of Edessa
- 14When was the First Crusade?1095-99
- 15Name 3 of the military orders founded during the crusadesKnights Templar, Knights Hostpitallia, Teutonic Knight
- 16What was the result of the battle of Hattin? (when)Destruction of military capabilities of Kingdom of Jerusalem (1187)
- 17Who were the Mamluks?A Muslim warrior order who wanted to purge the Holy Land of ‘Franks’and drove them out of Antioch, Tripoli and Acre. Originally slave soldiers who were converted to Islam and were loyal directly to the caliphate, gained increasing political power and eventually established their own ruling dynasty in Egypt.
- 18What other force threatened Muslim power at the time of the Crusades?Mongol Empire
- 19When was the last Crusade (numbered)?9th crusade (1271-72)
- 20What was the council of ClermontA catholic Council in which the pope (Urban II) declared a Cursade against Muslims in the Holy Land
- 21When was the siege of Jerusalem (Saladin)?1187, Following the Battle of Hatin
- 22When were the attempts to retake Jeruselem?The third Crusade (1189-1192)
- 23When was the sack of Constantinople?1204
- 24Which military order crusaded in the Baltic? (against pagans)Teutonic Knights (started in 1147)
- 25Who won the Battle of Grunwald? (When)Polish-Lithuanian Forces (against pagans) in 1410
- 26Against which group were the Albigansian Crusades fought?The Cathars (dualist heresy)
- 27When first Baltic Crusade?1147
- 28What was the full name of Teutonic Knights?Order of the Brothers of Germanic House of St Mary and Jerusalem
- 29When did Innocent III sanction war, and against who?Albegesians in 1209
- 30What were the 4 arms of Byzantine foreign strategic policy?Military, Diplomatic, Economic, Informational
- 31What was the Byzantine office responsible for intelligence gathering?Bureau of Barbarians
- 32What happened to Constantinople in 1204?Sacked by Christian Crusaders
- 33What surrounded the City of Constantinople?Theodosian Walls (land walls) and Golden Horns (sea walls)
- 34What were the two types of armies in the middle Byzantine Empire? (Differences)Thematic (division) and tagmatic (battalion)
- 35What did the Byzantines call their heavy cavalry?Cataphract
- 36How was the army re-organised in the 5th century?Increasing importance of cavalry
- 37How was the army re-organised in the 7th century?Thematic system
- 38Who was the slayer of Bulgars?Basil II
- 39When was battle of Dorostolon?971
- 40Where were the major technological developments in Medieval warfare?Missile Weapons, Siege Engines, fortress/defensive constructions
- 41How was the castle of Rochester taken in 1215?Undermined
- 42What were ‘Pike and Shot’ formations?Formations of combined melee and missile (archers, hand guners) troops.
- 43What happened at the battle of Courtrai (AKA..?) ?Battle of Golden Spurs - 1000 French nobles killed
Flemish common infantry stripped them of their gold - 44Who was the French king who invaded Italy in 1494?Charles II (wanted to take Naples)
- 45What was La Trace Italienne?Star fortress construction
- 46What is an Ummah?Community of Muslim Believers
- 47What was a Tumen?A unit employed by Turkish and Mongol armies, consisting of 10,000 men
- 48Who were Janissaries?Elite Ottoman infantry (Muslim)
- 49Name 4 Muslim caliphates?Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517)
Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924) - 50What were Condottieri?Italian word for mercenaries (also translates to contractor)
- 51Who was the leader of the White Company?John Hawkwood
- 52What unit formation dominated European warfare during the 14th and 15th centuries?Swiss pike block
- 53What was a tercio?A Spanish military unit (based on the Roman Legion) that employs both melee and gunpowder infantry
- 54Which battle broke Swiss mercenary dominance?Battle of Bicocca (1522)
- 55Famous lecture on Military Revolutions?Michael Roberts 1955 entitled 'Military Revolution 1560-1660'
- 56Which two leaders embodied the military revolution for Michael Roberts?Gustavus Adolphus II (Sweden) and Maurice of Nassau (Netherlands)
- 57Which two historians helped develop the theory of Military revolutions?Jeremy Black and Geoffery Parker
- 58What are 5 suggested military revolutions?17th century
French
Industrial
WWI
Nuclear - 59What does RMA stand for?Revolution of Military Affairs
- 60Michael Robert's 4 main proofs of Military Revolution?Tactics and Size of armies
Scale of warfare
Ambitious strategies
Impact on social and political development (fiscal state) - 61Geoffery Parker:enlightenment influence on armies, Mil rev had origins much earlier than Michael Roberts, emphasises development of Fortifications unlike Roberts.
- 62Jeremy Black:critical of concept, no specific revolution, gradual development, these were not new technologies or structures they just became common during this time
- 63In which state did the 30 years’ war start?Bohemia
- 64How many states were in the HRE at the start of the war?255
- 65Who was the ‘Lion of the North’?Gustavus II Adolphus
- 66When did Gustavus II die?1632 - Battle of Luetzen
- 67Which battle saw the defeat of Spanish Tercios?1643 - Battle of Rocroi
- 68When was the Bohemian Revolt?1618-1621
- 69When was the union of Lublin (between whom?)1569 - Poland and Lithuania
- 70What was the highpoint of Polish power and influence?Battle of Vienna (1683), marked the furthest advance of Ottoman Empire into central Europe
- 71How did non-European militaries react to European forces, tactics and technology?Incorporating (Iroquois) - adjacent to existing
Adapting (Maori) - to suit existing
Importing (Japan) - as is - 72Why did the Maori’s not have a considerable tech disadvantage against the British?Traded with British for modern firearms
- 73Where, and in what year was gunpowder invented?8th century, China
- 74When was the Age of Absolutism?1550-1800
- 75What does La Grande Siecle mean?'The great sentry' used to describe the French state during AoA
- 76Who were the Jacobites?Supporters of the Catholic King, King James II of England
- 77Which war can alternatively be described as the first world war?The Seven Years War (1756-63)
- 78When were the wars of Louis XIV?1661-1715
- 79Other names for the 9 Years War?War of the Grand Alliance
War of the League of Augsburg - 80What is the fiscal military state?State that bases its economic model on the sustainment of its armed forces
- 81Who were the major maritime Atlantic powers in the 18th century?Britain, France, Dutch (United Provinces)
- 82What were the three types of European colonies?Settlement, exploitation, plantation
- 83What were Sepoys?Native Indian recruits who were trained and fought in British style of warfare
- 84What name did colonial Americans give the 7 years’ war?French and Indian War
- 85Why was the American war of Independence a rebellion rather than revolution?No social or economic changes followed, the same colonial elites remained in power
- 86Which European powers decline in the late 18th century?Spanish and the Dutch
- 87What event prompted French military reforms?Defeat in the Seven Year (French and Indian) War
- 88What were some of the major tactical developments of the late 18th century?Column as a form of attack not just manoeuvrer, development of specialised light infantry
- 89Who said “Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest”?Dennis Diderot
- 90What was the Levee en masse, and in what year was it decreed?Mass conscription during the French Revolutionary Wars, 1793 (23rd August)
- 91Why did France invade Spain during the Age of Napoleon?Put Joseph on Spanish throne, post battle of Trafalgar and to isolate Britain
- 92How many Frenchmen fought in the Napoleonic wars?2.8 million
- 93When was the Battle of Waterloo?18 June 1815
- 94Who called Napoleon “the God of War”?Carl van Clausewitz
- 95What 5 things does every infantryman need, according to Napoleon?Musket, ammunition, knapsack, provisions (4 days), entrenching tool
- 96When was the Thirty Years War?1618-48
- 97When was the 100 Years War?1337-1453 (England vs France)