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Description
Flashcards by E.M. Flood, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by E.M. Flood
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define an element | A substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| What are some examples of elements? | Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, copper, sodium |
| Define an atom. | The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element |
| What are protons? | Positively charged part of atom |
| What are neutrons? | No charge, and are in the nucleus of an atom |
| What are electrons? | Negatively charged particles that are in motion outside the nucleus of the atom |
| Electrons are the particle that allow atoms to _____. | bond together into molecules |
| Electrons hang out in rings around the nucleus called ___, and each can only hold so many. | orbitals |
| All atoms want their outer shell to be _____. To do this, they have to _____ to _____ to complete the orbital. | "full" of electrons; bond with another atom; share/steal electrons |
| You can tell how many electrons an atom has by its _____. | atomic number |
| Define a molecule. List some examples. | Two or more atoms bonded together; O2, CO2 |
| Define a compound. List an example. | A molecule that contains two or more different elements; CO2 |
| What is the molecular formula? List an example. | An easy way of writing out what atoms are in a molecule; Carbon dioxide -> CO2 (Carbon -> hydrogen -> alphabetical order) |
| Define a chemical bond. | A connection formed between two atoms |
| What is an ionic bond? | One atom steals the electrons from another, then they are magnetically attracted |
| What is a covalent bond? | Two atoms sharing electrons |
| What is an organic molecule? List some examples. | A molecule that contains carbon-hydrogen bonds; CH4, C6H12O6 |
| What is the importance of carbon? | ~ Likes to form 4 covalent bonds, so it bonds easily with other atoms ~ Important for LIFE |
| Define a macromolecule. | Bigger molecules |
| Define a monomer. | Molecules that are small subunits of potentially bigger molecules |
| Define a polymer. | Giant molecules made out of monomers |
| What is a single bond? | A covalent bond resulting from the sharing of one pair of electrons |
| What is a double bond? | A covalent bond resulting from the sharing of two pairs of electrons |
| What are the four types of macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| What is the importance of carbs? | Energy & structure |
| What is the overall structure of carbs? | Carbon/Hydrogen/Oxygen rings |
| What are the monomers of carbs? | Monosaccharides: "simple sugars" such as glucose, sucrose, lactose (used as a quick source of energy for cells) |
| What are the polymers of carbs? | Polysaccharides: "complex sugars" made of many glucose molecules together |
| What is the importance of lipids/fats? | Cell membranes, warmth, energy for cells, helps in digestion of certain proteins & vitamins |
| What is the overall structure of lipids/fats? | Glycogen backbone plus 3 fatty acids (separate are monomers, all together are a polymer) |
| What are the two main types of fats? What's the difference between them? | Saturated: solid at room temp., carbons are "saturated" with lots of attached hydrogens Unsaturated: liquid at room temp., carbons are not saturated |
| What is the importance of nucleic acids? | Storing & interpreting genetic information |
| What is the overall structure of nucleic acids? | Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: DNA, RNA |
| What is the importance of proteins? | Energy, transporting hemoglobin in blood, movement of muscles, structure in cartilage, and enzymes |
| What are monomers of proteins? | Amino acids - 20 different ones strung together in different combos |
| What's the part of an amino acids that differentiates between them? | The "R" group |
| What are the polymers of proteins? | All proteins have a distinct 3D shape that help them do their jobs |
| Describe the process of dehydration synthesis. | Combines monomers into polymers. Starting with two molecules that contain O & H; bond the two molecules into one big molecule by removing a water molecule |
| Describe the process of hydrolysis | Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water |
| What is the primary protein structure? | A sequence of a chain of amino acids |
| What is the secondary protein structure? | Either a pleated sheet or alpha helix that occurs when the primary structure are linked by hydrogen bonds |
| What is the tertiary protein structure? | Occurs when certain attractions are present between parts of the alpha helices and pleated sheets |
| What is the quaternary protein structure? | A protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain |
| What does "Hydro" mean? | "Water" |
| What does "Lysis" mean? | "break" |
| What does "Deyhdration" mean? | "taking water out" |
| What does "Synthesis" mean? | "Build/combine" |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | 1.) Make a research question 2.) Background info 3.) Make hypothesis/prediction 4.) Test it 5.) Record data 6/7.) Display/Analyze data 8.) repeat experiment 9/10.) share results/ask new question |
| What is an independent variable? | (manipulated variable); The one where YOU have control over choice of groups/amounts, what you set up during a procedure |
| What is a dependent variable? | (responding variable); The one that you MEASURE, the data |
| What is a constant (controlled) variable? | Variables that do not change between tested groups and stays the same |
| What is an experimental group? | A group that has all the constant variables AND the independent variable |
| What is a control group? | Group that has all the constant varibales but none of the independent variables; the "normal" group |
| What is a human error? What's an example? | When you make a mistake in the procedure. Accidentally spilling something or didn't time something exactly |
| What is an experimental error? What's an example? | When there is something wrong or something you didn't take into account for in your procedures; Doctors in 50s not including women in study when researching symptoms for heart attacks |
| Define a catalyst. | substances that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction activation's energy |
| Define an active site. | the specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place or where a chemical reaction occurs. |
| Define denaturation. | a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress |
| Define an enzyme-substrate complex. | The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with the active site of an enzyme |
| What is activation energy? Give an example. | Energy that is involved with chemical reactions regardless of whether the overall chemical reaction releases or absorbs energy; burning paper with a match |
| Define a chemical reaction. | A process when a set of chemicals changes/transforms into another |
| What's a substrate? | The substance acted upon by an enzyme. |
| Elements/compounds that enter a chemical reaction are _____. Those produced by a chemical reaction are _____. | reactants; products |
| What is an exergonic (catabolic) reaction? What's an example? | When energy is released; combustion |
| What's an endergonic (anabolic) reaction? What's an example? | Energy is absorbed; protein synthesis |
| What's the difference between the two reactions? | Endergonic builds up, exergonic breaks down |
| What are factors that regulate enzyme activity? | Temperature, pH, regulatory molecules |
| What would happen to the enzymatic reaction if the enzyme lost its shape? | The enzyme would not work the same way and might become useless altogether |
| Explain how an enzyme works during a chemical reaction | An enzyme allows reactants to bond by providing a site where these reactants can be brought together to react. A site reduces the energy needed for a reaction. |
| What do enzymes do in our bodies? | They speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells by lowering activation energy |
| What is an enzyme? | A protein that acts as biological catalysts |
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