Flashcards
Week 10
Cards in this deck (18)
- 1Describe the CVS response to acute exercise-Metabolic dilation of muscle blood vessels
-Beta- mediated dilation
-Increased CO to muscle - 2Describe the CVS response to chronic exercise-Increased ability to meet energy demands
-Beneficial effects on CVS
-Important for athletes, recreationally active and patients with CVS and respiration disease
-Used for rehabilitation - 3What is performance determined by?Maximum rate of O2 transport from lungs to mitochondria
- 4What is VO2 max?The rate of maximum O2 uptake from the air and/or the rate of maximum O2 use by the mitochondria.
It is also a measurement of how the cardiovascular system is performing. - 5O2 uptake in the lungs and therefore VO2 max is dependent on?-Maximum achievable CO
-Haematocrit
-Resting VO2
-VO2 max - 6How does... change with untrained/trained people? -Maximum achievable CO -Resting VO2 -VO2 maxCO: differs significantly
-Resting VO2 stays the same
-VO2 max differs - 7Describe concentric hypertrophy-Pathological
-More sarcomeres in parallel
-Thicker wall, but smaller chamber
-Decreases efficiency of the heart - 8Describe eccentric hypertropy-Stimulated by growth factors released during aerobic exercise
-Cells get longer, not thicker
-Larger chamber (increase in SV)
-Normal wall thickness
-Increased inotropy - 9How does training increase the resting EDV?-Increased chamber size
-Increased circulating volume
-Increased central venous pressure - 10What are the effects of an increased EDV in trained people?-SV is increased
-HR is decreased - 11What causes the bradycardia/low ABP seen in trained people?-Increased tonic vagal activity
-Increased local ACh release (parasymp. neurotransmitter)
-Decreased intrinsic pacemaker activity
-?Decreased symp. activity (unknown mechanism) - 12What vascular changes occur in the heart with training?-Increased number of arterioles
-Increased coronary artery diameter
-Decreased vascular resistance
-Increased blood flow
-Increase in capillary number
-Increase in capillary:fibre ratio
-Decreased diffusion distance - 13What vascular changes occur in muscle with training (in regards to arteries and arterioles)?-Conduit artery diameter increases
Arterioles:
-number/density increases
-increased sheer stress
-changing of capillaries to arteries - 14What vascular changes occur in the heart with training (in regards to capillaries)?-Number and density increase
-Capillary: fibre increases
-Angiogenesis
-Increased SA
-Decreased distance for diffusion - 15What does increased sheer stress result in?-Upregulation of endothelial NO synthase
-Upregulation of antioxidant enzymes
-Increased bioavailability of vasodilator NO
-Increased vascular health - 16What happens to haematocrit levels in trained people?-Training at sea level does not chronically change haematocrit levels
-Training at altitude can stimulate erythropoiesis and increase performance back at sea level - 17What are the main benefits of exercise training for CVS rehabilitation?-Shift from symp. activity to parasymp. activity
-Increase in vasodilator NO, compared to a decreases in reactive oxygen species - 18What are the long term benefits of exercise?-Preservation of function
-Improve cholesterol
-Control body weight and shape
-Reduce diabetes risk
-Reduce stress
-Boost confidence
-Improve mental well-being
-Stop telomere shortening
-Increase anti-inflammatories