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Flashcards

1. Lameness in cattle

Rachael Jones 4. Musculoskeletal English 63 cards

Cards in this deck (63)

  1. 1How high is lameness in problems faced by UK dairy farms in UK?In top 3
  2. 2What are the issues that are faced with in lameness?- Welfare
    - Health
    - Cost
  3. 3What is the main issue with the cost of lameness?Farmers aren't always aware of all the knock on effects lameness and therefore the costs aren't considered - 'hidden' costs
  4. 4What is the incidence of lameness?(cases / 100 cows / year)
    • Cases on farms poorly recorded
    • Typically 50
    • Range 10-170
  5. 5What is the prevelance of lameness?(% affected at a point in time)
    • 36.8%
    • Range 0-79%
  6. 6What is the impact of lameness on the cow?1• Pain and discomfort
    2• Behaviour changes
    • Increased lying times – longer bouts
    • Reduced feed intake
    • Suppression of oestrus expression
    • Reduced visits to robot in automatic milking systems
  7. 7What are the 3 main things the behavioural changes due to lameness lead to?- Decreased reproductive performance
    - Decreased yield
    - Increased susceptibility to other diseases
  8. 8What are the direct costs associated with lameness?• Treatment costs
    • Vet time
    • Farmer time
    • Milk discard
    • Decreased milk yield (270 - 540 l per lactation)
  9. 9What are the indirect costs associated with lameness?• Increased risk of culling
    • Effects on fertility
    • Risk of further lameness cases
    • Risk of secondary disease
  10. 10How much do you think a case of moderate lameness costs?Depends on cause - range from £75 to £315
  11. 11What is the cost of treating a digital case of lameness?Direct £89.58
    Indirect £97.71
    Total £187.29
  12. 12What is the cost of treating an inter-digital case of lameness?Direct £36.64
    Indirect £39.19
    Total £75.83
  13. 13What is the cost of treating a sole ulcer?Direct £100.24
    Indirect £213.84
    Total £314.08
  14. 14What is the cost of an average case of lameness?Direct £71.70
    Indirect £99.86
    Total £171.56
  15. 15What are the herd level and nation herd level costs from lameness?Average 100 cow herd - £3860
    National herd (2.35 million) - £91 million
  16. 16What areas make the claw (hoof)- Coronary band
    - Wall
    - Periople
    - Sole
    - White line
    - Heel
  17. 17What is the coronary band?• Junction between skin and horn
    • Produces the wall horn
  18. 18What is the wall?• Formed at a rate of 5mm / month
    • Migrates down hoof
  19. 19What is the periople?• Junction between skin and horn at coronary band
    • Forms waxy coat to hoof
  20. 20What is the sole?• Formed from papillae on sole
    • Wall and sole meet at white line
  21. 21What is the white line?• Join between wall and sole
    • Point of weakness
  22. 22What is the heel?• Soft sponge horn
  23. 23What are features of pedal bone (P3)?• Centrally within hoof. Mainly attached to dorsal wall
    • Flexor tendon attached to palmar/plantar
    edge
    • Navicular bone between tendon and P2
  24. 24What are features of the corium?• Stratum germinativum – produces horn
    • Fills space between sole and P3 – vulnerable to pinching
    • Blood vessels, nerves and other support
    structures
    • Very sensitive
  25. 25What is the digital cushion?Pad of fat and elastic tissue. Shock absorber. Pumps blood from foot
  26. 26What are the laminae?• Junction between the wall and P3
    • Sensitive and insensitive components
    - Sensitive dermal laminae from P3
    - Insensitive epidermal laminae from hoof wall
    • Interdigitate like interlacing fingers
    • Suspends P3 within the hoof capsule
    • Affected by hormonal changes around calving
  27. 27Where is P3 most mobile?Attachment of DDFT - pivot movement
  28. 28What structure protects the corium from pinching by P3?Digital cushion
  29. 29What is the normal size for the foot?• Anterior wall – 75mm (60 – 90mm)
    • Anterior wall to ground – 45 – 50degrees
    • Heel height –
    25 – 35mm (Young)
    30 – 45mm (Old)
  30. 30How long does it take for horn to grow?- Approx 5mm per month
    - Slow
  31. 31What does the slow growth of horn mean when injured?Takes time to repair
  32. 32What affects the growth rate of horn?• Loading (↑loading = ↑ growth)
    • Claw (outside > inside on the hind feet)
    • Nutrition
    • Age/Breed
  33. 33In which direction does the wall grow?• Starts from the coronary band
    • Direction: Downwards to the toe
  34. 34In which direction does the sole grow?• Starts from the sole corium (quick)
    • Direction: Downwards and Forwards
  35. 35What can affect the horn quality?• Lameness
    • Damage to the corium or coronary band
    • Underfoot conditions
    • Foot bathing
    • Systemic illness (hardship lines)
    • Nutrition (e.g. Low Biotin or High
    Concentrates
    • Breed / Age
  36. 36What are cow factors that affect the wear of horn?• Horn quality
    • Hoof conformation
    • Limb conformation
    • Udder size and structure
  37. 37What are external factors that affect the wear of horn?1• Underfoot conditions
    • Surface abrasiveness (e.g. concrete Vs grass)
    • Slurry depth
    2• Management factors
    • Walking distances
    • Foot trimming
    • Housing programme
  38. 38What is the hoof conformation?• A balance between growth and wear
    • Overgrowth:
    - Occurs when growth > wear
    - Predisposes to lameness
  39. 39What is the weight bearing area of the foot?- Tow wall
    - 1st 1/3 of axial wall
    - Abaxial wall
    - Heel
  40. 40What are features of weight bearing on the forelimbs?• 60% Bodyweight
    • More carried on the inside claw
    • Larger inside claw
  41. 41What are features of weight bearing on the hindlimbs?• 40% Bodyweight
    • More carried on the outside claw
    • Larger outside claw
  42. 42What are features of toe overgrowth?• In housed cattle the wall is worn more rapidly at the heel
    • Heel undermined by slurry heel in winter
  43. 43What is the result of toe overgrowth? Further overgrowth at toe (non weight bearing)
     Shifts weight further back (<45o)
     Sole corium pinched, pain whilst walking
     Sole bruising/haemorrhage -> Inflammation/ Sole ulceration
  44. 44What are features of sole overgrowth?• Overgrowth at toe leads to thickening of the sole in this region
  45. 45What can disparity of claw size lead to?Weight bearing on lateral hind claw
  46. 46What is the result of disparity of claw size? irritation and sole overgrowth
     ↑pressure and pain in lateral claw
     abduction of the limb
     ↑weight on medial claw, ↓wear on lateral claw
     overgrowth at toe forces hocks together
     ↓weight bearing on lateral claw
  47. 47If a cow is walking on an overgrown claw, what structure is at risk of being damaged?Corium
  48. 48What is the name of the trimming technique?Dutch 5 step technique
  49. 49What are the aims of the Dutch 5 step technique?• Aims to create a normal balanced foot
    - Correction of overgrowth
    - Even weight bearing
    • Allows diagnosis and treatment of lameness
    • Prevents new lameness
  50. 50What do you need to be careful about with the Dutch 5 step technique?Individual size variation not accounted for
  51. 51Where is overgrowth predominately before trimming?Toe
  52. 52What is step 1?A- Start on medial claw for hind limbs
    - Wrap hand around claw and measure about 80mm and make the first cut to remove excess
    B- Use a knife to trim down the sole at the front 2/3 of the foot
    5-8mm step should remain at the toe
  53. 53What is step 2?Outer claw:
    Balance the lateral to match the length and height of the medial claw (for hind limbs)
  54. 54Why is it essential that the height of inner and out claw match?Allow even weight bearing across both claws
  55. 55What is step 3?Modelling: Remove weight bearing from the sole at the middle 1/3 of the foot
    i. Lateral claw:
    • Wider
    • Shallower
    ii. Medial claw:
    • Deeper
    • Narrower
  56. 56What is step 4?Treatment:
    • Identification of lesions
    • Corrective trimming to treat the lesion
    • Adjustment of weight bearing away from the painful claw
    • To be discussed further under specific
    lesions
  57. 57What is step 5?Loose horn:
    • Remove loose horn and irregular ridges
    • Particularly around the heel
  58. 58What is a summary of the Dutch 5 step technique?1. Inner claw
    2. Outer claw
    (length, level)
    3. Modelling
    4. Treatment
    5. Loose horn
  59. 59Is there any difference when trimming the front feet?Yes - weight bearing is opposite so outer claw first and match the inner to it
  60. 60What is preventative foot trimming beneficial for?• Rebalance weight bearing
    • Manage lesions
    • Improve grip and gait
  61. 61How often and when should preventative foot trimming be done?- Twice a year?
    - Timing should match to have optimal feet for calving (4 weeks before and 8 weeks after calving)
  62. 62What iatrogenic problems do you have to be careful with when preventative foot trimming?• Too short a toe
    • Thin soles
    • Can’t stick it back on
  63. 63What are the top 5 causes of lameness?- Sole ulcers
    - White line disease
    - Local sole bruising
    - Digital dermatitis
    - Foul in the foot

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4. Musculoskeletal (Bovine lameness - Sarah Wood) Flashcards on 1. Lameness in cattle, created by Rachael Jones on 15/12/2018.
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