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Flashcards

3. Lameness in cattle

Rachael Jones 4. Musculoskeletal English 61 cards

Cards in this deck (61)

  1. 1What is the aetiology of foreign body penetrations?• Penetration of sole (not white line) with
    objects from the environment
    • Nails, sharp stones, pieces of metal & glass, palm kernel and cast teeth
    • Carry infection -> Sub-sole abscesses (cf
    WLD)
  2. 2What are the clinical signs of foreign body penetration?• Similar to WLD although lameness is often acute in onset and severe if foreign body still present
  3. 3What are possible foreign bodies that can cause penetrations?• Nails
    • Cast teeth
    • Glass
    • Stones
    • Palm kernel (opposite)
  4. 4What do you have to be careful about with cheap bedding?Foreign objects being found in it
  5. 5What is the diagnosis for foreign body penetrations?• Straight forward if FB still present
    • Otherwise explore track in sole
  6. 6What is the treatment, prognosis and prevention for foreign body penetration?• Treatment: As for WLD
    • Prognosis: As for WLD (Deep digital sepsis!)
    • Prevention: Keep environment free of foreign bodies (difficult)
  7. 7What is the aetiology of heel ulcers and toe ulcers?• Penetration of sole / overgrowth of the toe and fissures / iatrogenic (improper foot
    trimming / thin soles)
  8. 8How do you diagnose heel and toe ulcers?• Ulcers at sites away from the classical “sole ulcer site”
  9. 9What is the treatment of heel and toe ulcers?• As for a sole ulcer - remove weight bearing, use of block / NSAID
  10. 10What is another name for toe necrosis?"Rotten toe"
  11. 11What are features of toe necrosis?• Likely secondary to toe ulcer or a split in the horn
    • Deep infection often involving soft tissue / bone
    • Often require extensive remodelling to remove affected tissue
    • Guarded prognosis
  12. 12What is the aetiology of acute laminitis?Rare
    • Ruminal acidosis -> bacterial death -> bacterial endotoxins
    • Acute toxic condition e.g. mastitis / metritis -> bacterial death -> bacterial endotoxins
    • -> Vasoactive mediators
    • Severity of signs depends on rate and duration of release
    • Therefore can be acute or chronic
  13. 13What is the aetiology of laminitis?• Vasodilatation and paralysis of blood vessels in corium
    • Arterio-venous shunts open bypassing the corium
    • Capillary walls suffer hypoxic damage resulting in the escape of serum and eventually rbc’s
    • Ensuing oedema potentates situation -> causes pain, corium trapped between navicular bone and hoof capsule.
    • This process has not been reliably replicated in cattle
  14. 14What are features of sole haemorrhage?• Part of spectrum of disease caused by coriosis: sole haemorrhage -> sole ulcer
    • Laxity of ligaments around calving
    • Movement of P3
    • Compression of corium
    • Due to increased standing times and standing on concrete, overgrowth of hoof etc.
    • These lesions are seen at the “sole ulcer site”
  15. 15What is the aetiology of sole bruising?• Turn sharply on hard surfaces
    (bullying)
    • Soft bedding -> Rough concrete
    • Soft feet (Standing in water of slurry)
    • Dismounting (Bulls and cows)
    • Laminitis
  16. 16How do you diagnose sole bruising?• Bruising if examined and trimmed (NB may take weeks to appear)
    • Diffusely on sole (not SU site)
    • Pinch with hoof testers
  17. 17How do you treat sole bruising?• Conservative – Trim to decrease overloaded claws, soft bedding?, blocks?
  18. 18How do you prevent sole bruising?• Routine foot trimming (care not to over-trim)
    • Optimal underfoot conditions
  19. 19What is an example that can lead to sole bruising?Poor cubicles - too short so cow is rocking and perched on the edge
  20. 20What is another name for heel erosion?"Slurry heel"
  21. 21What is the aetiology and clinical signs of heel erosion?• Standing in wet corrosive faeces and
    silage effluent
    • Erosion of soft heel horn -> Pitting and
    fissures
    • If severe heel almost completely
    disappears
    • Usually asymptomatic, but -> other
    disease e.g. SU
  22. 22How do you diagnose heel erosion?• Often seen during trimming (routine &
    lame)
    • ****Usually incidental finding****
  23. 23What is the treatment for heel erosion?• Formalin foot baths -> hardens feet
    • Trimming (restore foot balance, remove
    loose horn, do not remove healthy heel horn)
  24. 24What is the prognosis for heel erosion?• Good if treated early
    • If left, heel disappears -> backward
    rotation of foot -> overgrowth of toe ->
    sole ulceration
  25. 25How can you prevent heel erosion?• Optimal underfoot condition (do not allow to stand in faeces, water of silage
    effluent
    • Regular formalin foot bathing
  26. 26What is another name for vertical fissures?"Sand cracks"
  27. 27What is the aetiology for vertical fissures?• Periople produces waxy layer, prevent wall drying out
    • If damaged wall dries -> may crack vertically
    • Damage to corium -> defective wall production
    • Hot dry sandy conditions in summer
    • Also damage to germinal tissue at coronary band – E.g. DD
  28. 28What are the clinical signs with vertical fissures?• Often asymptomatic
    • Lameness if corium pinched or infected
  29. 29How do you diagnose vertical fissures?• Pathognomonic once foot examined (can often see the fissure when animal standing)
  30. 30How do you treat vertical fissures?• Trim out crack
    • Drain abscesses + expose any necrotic corium
    • Can lead to movement between two section of wall -> granulation tissue formation
    • Resect and block
  31. 31What is the prognosis with vertical fissures?• Moderate – can be difficult to treat unless defect in wall starts growing out from coronary band
    • May take a long time and multiple trims
    • If periople / coronary band damaged long term prognosis is poor
  32. 32What is another name for horizontal fissures?"Hardship lines"
  33. 33What is the aetiology of horizontal fissures?• Complete circumferential horizontal
    • Severe toxic condition e.g. mastitis, metritis, or acute acidosis -> temporary but complete absence of horn production
    • Often complete circumferential fissure round all 8 claws
    • Interruption of wall production may not be complete -> thinning of wall only (Hardship lines)
  34. 34What are the clinical signs of horizontal fissures?• Often asymptomatic unless:
    • Laminae become infected
    • Movement causes production of
    granulomas
    • Many are clinical when “thimbles of horn” grow out at toe -> increased movement -> infection and granulomas
    • Chronic to acute onset lameness, often
    multiple feet
  35. 35How do you diagnose hardship lines?Signs are pathognomonic
  36. 36What is the treatment for horizontal fissures?• Open and trim cracks, drain and expose abscess and necrotic corium, remove
    granulomas if present
    • All claws, must establish which is causing lameness
    • Blocks – May be difficult (All 8 claws affected)
  37. 37What is the prognosis for horizontal fissures?• Depends on severity. If severe on all claws the prognosis is poor and difficult to manage (Straw beds?)
  38. 38What can be included in interdigital skin hyperplasia?• Interdigital Corns / Fibromas / Growth
    / Granulomas
  39. 39What is the aetiology of interdigital skin hypeprlasia?• Normally two small flaps of skin (one eitherside)
    • Chronic irritation of the interdigital area
    • Infection or impaction of dirt / small stones
    • Chronic lesions / abnormal gait and poor foot conformation
  40. 40What are the clinical signs with interdigital skin hyperplasia?• Usually asymptomatic
    • Lameness if infected or pinched during
    locomotion -> further increase in size
    • Complicated by “foul” infections
  41. 41How do you diagnose interdigital skin hyperplasia?• Straightforward
    • Often asymptomatic, care in case not cause of lameness
  42. 42What is the treatment for interdigital skin hyperplasia?• If infected / evidence of Foul, AB’s will often resolve the lameness
    • In mild cases trimming (remove horn from interdigital space)
    • If no resolution, resection under IVRA or local anaesthesia. Remove and bandage + AB’s
  43. 43What is the prognosis of interdigital skin hyperplasia?• Good
    • Recurrence common
  44. 44What is the prevention for interdigital skin hyperplasia?• Ensure optimal underfoot condition in
    winter
    • Ensure optimal foot conformation
  45. 45If surgery of the digital is undertaken – which licensed local anaesthetic is to be used?Procaine
  46. 46What are features of fracture of the distal phalanx?• Difficult to diagnose
    • Acute onset lameness
    • Cross legged stance
    • No other lesions detected in foot
  47. 47What is the treatment of fracture of the distal phalanx?• NSAID
    • Deep straw bed
    • Cull?
  48. 48What is deep digital sepsis a complication from?• e.g. Sole ulcers, WLD, Foul, Horizontal
    and Vertical fissures
  49. 49What happens in deep digital sepsis?• Infection gains entry to deeper structures of foot
    • Digital cushion, P3, P2, Distal interphalangeal joint, Flexor tendon,
    Flexor tendon sheath, Navicular bone,
    Navicular bursa.
    • Can not recover unless necrotic tissue
    removed and allowed to drain (salvage)
  50. 50What are the treatments of deep digital sepsis?• Digit Amputation
    - Surgical removal of affected digit
    - Effective
    - Relatively easy and cheap
    - But Welfare implications
    • Navicular bone resection (not really)
    • Drilling and flushing (not really)
  51. 51Why is early detection and early treatment key to successful outcome?• Treatment more effective
    • Less relapses
    • Less complications (e.g. deep digital sepsis)
    • Lower treatment costs
    • Less culling
    • Lower costs associated with losses
  52. 52How do you identify the lame claw?Watch the animal walking
  53. 53How can you safely restrain for therapeutic foot trimming?Use a foot crush
  54. 54How do you carry out therapeutic foot trimming?• Correctively trim the whole foot – using
    Dutch 5 step technique
    • Step 4 - Explore lesions
    • Use of hoof testers if necessary
  55. 55What are the basic principles with lesions and therapeutic foot trimming?• Isolate lesion
    • Remove under run and diseased horn
    • Decrease weight bearing on disease claw
    • Foot blocks?
    • Bandages?
  56. 56How should local analgesia be used for therapeutic foot trimming?• Local infiltration e.g. Field block , ring block.
    • Nerve blocks
    • Intra-venous regional anaesthesia (IVRA)
    • Procaine (Willcain / Adrenacaine)
  57. 57Why should therapeutic foot trimming be done?• Effective anaesthesia of distal limb
    • Cheap
    • Easy to perform
    • Facilitates trimming of painful lesions
  58. 58How do you perform the local analgesia?• Apply tourniquet
    • Identify vein
    • 15-20ml Procaine
    • 5-10min onset of action
    • Care not to leave on too long
    • Care on removal of tourniquet
  59. 59What are features of foot blocks?• Decrease weight bearing on diseased claw allowing it to heal
    • Glue on
    • Need removal if still present after 4-6 weeks
    • Evidence supports use in treatment of claw horn lesions
  60. 60What are features of the use of NSAIDs?• Evidence to support benefit over trimming alone
    • Ketoprofen – 0 day milk withdrawal
    • Meloxicam – longer analgesic effect
    • Barriers to use – cost, foot trimmer treating cows
  61. 61What are features of dressings?• Protect diseased area
    • Apply topical treatment – Astringent, Antibiotics
    • Now less popular
    • Increase weight bearing on diseased claw?
    • 48 hours maximum
    • Except digit amputations & surgical removal of interdigital growths

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4. Musculoskeletal (Bovine lameness - Sarah Wood) Flashcards on 3. Lameness in cattle, created by Rachael Jones on 15/12/2018.
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