Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1

Claire Parrish English 122 cards

Cards in this deck (122)

1pituitary glandendocrine organ located behind the eyes in the brain, connected to hypothalamus by the infundibulum
2adrenalsendocrine organ located directly above kidneys
3thyroidbutterfly shaped endocrine organ located in the neck inferior to the larynx and anterior to trachea
4gonadsreproductive endocrine organs. In males, testes are located in the scrotum; in females, ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity
5pineal glandcone-shaped endocrine organ located in the brain anterior the the pituitary, attached to roof of third ventricle of brain
6thymusendocrine organ located behind the sternum between the lungs (where T cells develop immunocompetence)
7pancreaslong thin endocrine organ located in the curve of the duodenum lying along the greater curvature of the stomach
8parathyroid glandone of four small endocrine glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
9nervous system (types of cells, messengers, action site, target cells, transport mechanism)1. neurons
2. neurotransmitters
3. synaptic cleft
4. muscles, other neurons
5. synapse/action potential
10endocrine system (types of cells, messengers, action site, target cells, transport mechanism)1. glands
2. hormones
3. every tissue
4. every cell/tissue, endocrine
5. blood stream
11endocrine hormoneshormones that affect the body
12paracrine hormoneshormones that affect neighboring cells (para)
13autocrine hormoneshormones that stimulates self and other cells like self
14major endocrine organsadrenals, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal, thymus, testes, ovaries, pancreas
15Lipid-Soluble/ Hydrophobic Hormoneswater fearing; needs to attach to a protein to travel through blood/water; easily goes through cell membrane and directly affects DNA (slower process)
16Water Soluble/ Hydrophilic Hormoneswater loving; can travel freely; must attach to a cell membrane protein coupled with a second messenger (faster process)
17up-regulationincreasing the number of receptors because you want the cell to create more and pull out any extra sugar
18down-regulationdecreasing the number of receptors, leaving enough sugar for the brain
19neural controlcontrol of release of hormones
20humoral controlcontrol of chemical changes in blood calcium
21hormonal controlcontrol of another hormone
22negative feedbacksaves energy and maintains homeostasis; when an increase in secretion of hormone A from gland A leads to an increase in secretion of hormone B from gland B, which then decreases secretion of hormone A from gland A
23positive feedbackhormone B stimulates gland A to produce more hormone A, increasing hormone B
24permissiveone hormone gives another hormone the ability to have effect
25synergisticthe affect of hormones together causes a bigger effect than the hormones alone
26antagonisticthe presence of one hormone prevents the other hormone from having its effect
27neurohypophysis and hypothalamusposterior pituitary consists of neural tissue and axons of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and blood capillaries. The neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which travel through axons and are released through blood capillaries
28adenohypophysis and hypothalamusanterior pituitary consists of epithelial tissue. The hypothalamus secretes five releasing hormones, which stimulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, and produces two inhibiting hormones, which suppress secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. In the hypophyseal portal system, blood flows from capillaries in the hypothalamus into portal veins that carry blood to capillaries of the anterior pituitary.
29hormones released by posterior pituitary gland1. oxytocin (OT)
2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
30oxytocin (OT)stimulates contraction of muscles of pregnant uterus and cells around ducts of mammary glands; also used during social bonding (love hormone - orgasms)
31antidiuretic hormone (ADH)stimulates water re-absorption from kidney tubules into blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles (makes sure body has enough water)
32hormones released by the anterior pituitary1. growth hormone (gH)
2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. luteinizing hormone (LH)
5. prolactin (PRL)
6. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
7. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
33growth hormone (gH)promotes growth of body tissues
34thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland
35follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)important reproductively: responsible for maturing follicles and spermatogenesis and secretion of estrogen
36luteinizing hormone (LH)stimulates testosterone and estrogen/progesterone, stimulates ovulation
37prolactin (PRL)breastfeeding hormone (milk-producing)
38adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)stimulates adrenals (specifically the adrenal cortex) to produce hormones
39melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)influences brain activity
40the 2 groups of hormones released by the thyroid1. thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
2. Calcitonin
41thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)produced by follicular cells; manages ATP production, making sure cells have energy (metabolism); regulates body growth and nervous system growth (via iodine)
42calcitoninproduced by parafollicular cells; decreases blood calcium by stopping the bone from releasing more calcium (inhibiting osteoclasts), regulating the density and mineralization of bones
43formation of thyroxin????
44parathyroid hormone (PTH)secreted by the chief cells of parathyroid glands; humoral stimulation: increases blood calcium levels and decrease blood phosphate levels by increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts (also affects magnesium)
45zona glomerulosaouter zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes mineralocorticoids and aldosterone
46mineralocortocoidsreulates minerals (primarily sodium and potassium) in body
47aldosteronemakes sure you have right amount of fliuds and minerals
48zona fasciculatamiddle zone of adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids
49glucocorticoidshelp maintain glucose homeostasis and metabolism (also immune system?)
50zona reticularisinner zone of adrenal cortex that secretes androgens
51androgensmale sex hormones
52adrenal medullainnermost section of adrenals that contain chromaffin cells which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)
53epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)intensify sympathetic responses: fight or flight (stress response), which releases cortisol, and resistance reaction (counteracts stress), which uses glucocorticoids
54cortisolreleased during fight or flight response which allows an immediate burst of action/energy
55melatoninhormone secreted by pineal gland; stimulated by light to change circadian clock by adjusting cortisol
56The 2 major pancreatic hormones1. glucagon
2. insulin
57glucagonhormone synthesized and secreted by Alpha Cells (A); increases the amount of glucose in your body and tells liver to go through gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates) when glucose stores are low
58insulinhormone synthesized and secreted by Beta cells (B); decreases the amount of glucose in body
592 main hormones of ovaries1. estrogen
2. progesterone
60estrogenfeminizing sex hormones produced by the ovaries that govern development of oocytes (gets body to ovulation), maintenance of reproductive structures, appearance of secondary sex characteristics; affect fluid and electrolyte balance and protein anabolism
61progesteronefemale sex hormone produced by the ovary that helps prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum and mammary glands for milk secretion
62testosteronemale sex hormone (androgen) secreted by the Leydig cells of a mature testis; needed for development of sperm; controls growth and development of reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics (body hair, distribution of fat on body, etc), and body growth
63Mullerian ducts and wolfian ductswhen testosterone is present mullerian ducts get reabsorbed and wolfin ducts start to work; when testosterone is absent mullerian ducts start to work and wolfian ducts get reabsoorbved
64relaxin (RLX)hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries that increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to ease delivery of a baby
65meiosis vs. mitosismitosis: 1 round of cell division; ends in 2 identical daughter cells (diploid)
meiosis: 2 rounds of cell division, with a crossing over in first round; ends in 4 unique daughter cells (haploid)
66spermatogenesisthe formation and development of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes; begins in puberty
67oogenesisformation and development of female gametes (oocytes); begins before birth
68scrotumskin-covered pouch that contains the testes and their accessory structures; regulates the temperature of the testes (sperm production requires 2-3 degrees lower than body temperature)
69testesoval glands in the scrotum that produce sperm and hormones (testosterone and inhibin)
70seminiferous tubulesa tightly coiled duct (network of endothelial tissue) in the testes where sperm are produced; sperm develop in a basement membrane then travel down and out
71stages of development of sperm1. spermatogonium
2. spermatocytes (primary and secondary)
3. spermatids
4. spermatozoa (sperm)
72spermatogonium (2n)stem cells that undergo mitosis; some remain in basement membrane, others squeeze through blood-testes barrier
73spermatocytes (2n -> n)spermatogonium that undergo developmental changes and undergo meiosis I
74spermatids (n x 4)an immature sperm cell; the 4 haploid cells resulting from meiosis II of the secondary spermatocyte
75spermatozoa (sperm)spermatids that have elongated into mature sperm cells; located in the innermost tissue and ejaculated through seminiferous tubules
76Sertoli cells (sustentacular)one of the 2 cells of seminiferous tubules that supports spermatogenesis by secreting fluid for supplying nutrients to sperm and hormone inhibin, removes excess cytoplasm for spermatogenic cells, and mediates the effects of FSH and testosterone on spermatogenesis; also creates a blood-testes barrier preventing immune cells from getting in and destroying different DNA
77Leydig cells (interstitial)cells clustered between the spaces of seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone and work with sertoli cells to make sure there's enough testosterone to reproduce
78ovariesfemale goands; paired glands that produce (1) gametes, secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization, and (2) hormones: progesterones and estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin
79ovarian folliclesin ovarian cortex of ovary; consists of oocytes (immature ova) in various stages and surrounding epithelial cells; essentially where immature eggs develop
80follicular cellswhen the surrounding epithelial cells of ovarian follicles form a single layer
81granulosa cellswhen the epithelial cells surrounding the ovarian follicle form many layers; nourishes developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens
82Graffian follicle (mature follicle)a large, fluid filled follicle containing a secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells that is ready to rupture (5-8 follicles developed, the graffian follicle is the 1 used)
83ovulationrupture of graffian follicle with a discharge of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
84corpus luteuma yellowish body formed when a graffian follicle has discharged the secondary oocyte; secretes estrogens, progesterones, relaxin, and inhibin
85corpus albicansa white fibrous patch (scar) that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates
86theca folliculi (theca cells)an organized layer of stromal cells outside the basement membrane of the primary follicle; also helps up-regulate the granulosa cells for LH
87first polar bodyafter primary oocyte completes meiosis I, the plar body is the smaller cells containing discarded nuclear material, whereas the larger secondary oocyte gets most of the cytoplasm
88inhibinregulating hormone made by the sertoli cells and regulates the rate of spermatogenesis, inhibits FSH and GnRH release
89hormonal control of the gonadsbegins at the hypothalamus during puberty with the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
90Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)stimulates the gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to increase secretion of LH and FSH
91ovarian cyclemonthly series of events in the ovary associated with the maturation of a secondary oocyte; consists of 3 phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
92follicular phaseovarian follicles are growing and developing
93ovulation (ovarian cycle)rupture of graffian follicle and release of secondary oocyte
94luteal phasecolapsing of graffian follicle and forming of corpus luteum which releases hormones and absorbs the blood clot
95uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)a series of changes in he endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for the arrival and development of a fertilized ovum: consists of three phases: menstruation, proliferative phase, ovulation, secretory phase
96menstruationdischarge of blood due to declining levels of progesterone and estrogen; causes endometrium to become very thin
97proliferative phasebuilding back up of the endometrium (inner layer of uterus) and development of endometrial glands
98secretory phasegrowth and coiling of endometrial glands due to production of progesterone and estrogen by corpus luteum; endometrial glands secrete glycogen (ovary secreting all the things that maintain the uterus)
99Timeline of female reproductive cycle28 days
day 1: menstruation (bleeding); FSH and estrogen increase
Days 2-13: building back of the endometrium
14: positive feedback with estrogen and LH (surge in LH); ovulation
15-28: corpus luteum dies and produces progesterone, lining sheds again
100Four phases of human sexual response1. excitement/ arousal phase
2. plateau phase
3. orgasm
4. resolution phase
101excitement phaseparasympathetic stimulation; penis swells with blood, becomes erect, vagina swells and produces lubricating fluid
102plateau phasesexual flush (redness of face and chest); changes that begin during excitement are sustained at intense level for a period of time
103orgasmsympathetic stimulation; rhythmic contractions and pleasurable sensations; muscle at base of penis propel semen out (ejaculation)
104resolutionprofound relaxation; heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tone return to unaroused state
105corpus cavernosa2 long spongy areas with a capillary that fills with lood without draining so penis becomes erect
106corpus spongiosumsurrounds and protects the urethra
107urethrathe duct from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body that conveys urine in females and urine and semen in males (Alkaline secretions nourish the sperm and make sure the vaginal area is hospitable to sperm)
108semena fluid discharged at ejaculation by a male that consists of a mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and glands
1093 functions of blood1. transport (gas and nutrients via vessels)
2. regulation (of pH via buffers and adjusting temperature)
3. repair/protection (immunity, blood clots)
110erythrocytesred blood cells; transport O2 and CO2
111leukocyteswhite blood cells; protect from invaders
112plateletslack a nucleus
113hemopoiesisblood cell production, which occurs in red bone marrow after birth
114pluripotent stem cellsimmature stem cells in red bone barrow that gives rise to precursors of all different mature blood cells
115myeloid stem cellsproduced by pluripotent stem cells; give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, esinophyls basophils, and mast cells
116lymphoid stem cellsproduced by pluripotent stem cells; begin development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissue; give rise to lymphocytes and natural killer cells (NK)
117hemopoietic growth factorregulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells from myeloid
118erythropoietinhormone produced in the kidney when body has low oxygen; increases your red blood cell's by proliferating and differentiating myeloid cells
119hypoxialow oxygen in the tissue
120hypoxemialow oxygen in the blood
121thrombopoietinhormone produced by the liver that stimulates formation of platelets (by red blood cell differentiation) or thrombocytes from megakaryocytes; release of thrombopoietin is caused by interleukins
122cytokinesglycoproteins; chemicals that white blood cells use to talk to each other; stimulates myeloid cells to produce white blood cells; act as chemical attractant