Flashcards
LA- Cattle Urinary Diseases
Cards in this deck (52)
- 1What are the general presenting complaints when dealing with urinary disease in cattle?- Abnormal appearance of urine
- Abnormal passage of urine - 2Why is History important when dealing with urinary disease in cattle?- some conditions ass. w/ poisons, external parasites or lack of vaccination
- 3How can a Urine Sample be collected from a cow?Options 1: wait for cow to urinate
Option 2: stimulate vulva and perineum
Option 3: Placement of urinary catheter - 4How can a Urine sample be collected from a bull?- Massage prepuce or wash with warm water
- Placement of urinary catheter - 5What is the normal Urinalysis values for cattle?SG = 1.02-1.045
pH = usually alkaline pH 7-8 (but if DCAB diet then will be acidic)
Should check colour, and allow to settle for ~20 mins to see if RBC are present or deposits present - 6Why is a blood sample taken when dealing with a potential urinary disease in cattle?Check biochemistry for Azotemia
Check haematology for present of anaemia or lymphocytes - 7What conditions are associated with Haemoglobinuria?- Babesia
- Brassica toxicity
- Post partum haemoglobinuria
- Water intoxication
- Bacillary haemoglobinuria
- Leptospirosis
- Copper poisoning - 8What conditions cause Haematuria?- Cysitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Urolithiasis
- Enzootic haematuria (Bracken poisoning) - 9How can Haemoglobinuria be differentiated from Haematuria?- Urine sample with Haemoglobinuria will remain red when left to settle
- Urine sample with Haematuria will settle out at bottom when left. - 10What is the Aetiology and Epidemiology of Babesiosis in Cattle?AKA "Redwater"
- Is common and important disease
Aetiology: Babesia divergens
Epidemiology: tick-infected areas from Spring to autumn, non-immune animals are greatest risk: Age immunity (>2yrs old less likely to get clinical disease) - 11What is the Pathogenesis of Babesiosis?- RBC intracellular parasite
- Replication cycles followed by cell rupture and spiking fever
- Haemolysis, anaemia, icterus and haemoglobinuria
- Drops in PCV can be sudden and dramatic - 12What are the Acute Clinical Signs of Babesiosis in Cattle?-red urine (pink through to black),
- pyrexia (to 43C),
- anaemia (tachycardia and tachypnoea),
-pipe-stem diarrhoea
- rumen stasis,
-depression
- weakness,
-ataxia
- anorexia - 13What are the Sub-acute clinical signs of Babesiosis in Cattle?- Transient dullness (immune animals)
- 14How is Babesiosis Diagnosed in Cattle?- History & clinical signs and location
- Identification of the parasite on blood smears - 15What is the Treatment for Babesiosis in Cattle?- Imidocarb diproprionate ("Imizol")
+ has a long withdrawal, 21 day milk & 213 day meat
+ Narrow therapeutic margin so need accurate wt
+ Cholinergic side effects (tachycardia, muscle tremors & drooling)
- Oxytetracycline
- Blood transfusion if PCV <15%
- NSAIDs - 16How can Babesia be controlled?- Tick control
- Preventative use of imidocarb diproprionate
- Graze calves (resistant) on affected land to build natural immunity into adulthood
- Buy in cows from same types of cow - 17What is the Aetiology of Brassica Poisoning and the Pathogenesis?- Is rare but important DDx for Babesia!
Aetiology: Feeding Rape/ Kale (usually autumn)
Pathogenesis: toxin converted to haemolytic fact in rumen causing haemolysis, icterus, anaemia and haemoglobinuria - 18What are the Clinical Signs of Brassica Poisoning?- Peracute: collapse and death
Acute: haemoglobinuria, dullness, weakness and anaemia 1-2 wks after grazing
Also chronic and subclinical forms - 19How can Brassica poisoning be diagnosed?- Clinical signs NOTE: NO PYREXIA unlike babesia
- History
- presence of Heinz-body anaemia - 20What are the treatment options for Brassica poisoning?- Blood transfusion
- 21How can Brassica Poisoning be Prevented?- Strip grazing/ restrict intakes
- Buffer feeding - 22What is the Aetiology of Post parturient haemoglobinuria?-Is rare
Occurs 3wks post partum generally
- maybe ass. w/ low phosphate - 23What are the Clinical Signs of Post Parturient haemoglobinuria?- Jaundice
- Haemaglobinuria
- Weakness
- Dullness
- Progressing to recumbency - 24What is the Tx of Post parturient haemoglobinuria?- Blood transfuson
- Foston? (drug tx)
- ~60% die, remainder recover over a few wks - 25What is the Aetiology and Epidemiology of Bacillary Haemaglobinuria?RARE
Caused by Clostridium haemolyticum
Epidemiology: localised areas of UK e.g. Derbyshire Hills & Snowdonia
- more common in young cattle (and sheep) - 26What are the Clinical Signs of Bacillary Haemaglobinuria?- Acute haemolytic disease
- Sudden onset dullness
- Fever
- Severe anaemia
- Jaundice
- Haemaglobinuria
Has 100% mortality. - 27What is the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Water poisoning?RARE conditions in calves
- Water deprivation (e.g. frozen trough) followed by sudden access and over-hydration
- Intravascular haemolysis and cerebral oedema occur - 28What are the Clinical Signs of Water poisoning?- Hypothermia
- Salivation
- Nervous signs
- Anaemia
- Haemaglobinuria - 29How can Water poisoning be treated?- Sedation (relax muscles)
- Diuretics: to try and shift the water quickly - 30What are common signs for the abnormal passage of urine?- Stranguria: straining to urinate
- Anuria: inability to pass urine
- Polyuria: incr. frequency or volume (uncommon presentation on farm)
- Dysuria: difficulty/ pain in urination
- Oliguria: reduced urine production - 31What are potential causes of Stranguria in Cattle?- Vaginitis, cystitis
- Urolithiasis (partial obstruction)
- Other causes of tenesmus e.g. trying to calve - 32What are potential causes of Anuria in Cattle?- Urolithiasis
- 33What are potential causes of Polyuria in Cattle?- End stage pyelonephritis
- Chronic renal failure
- Oak poisoning - 34What are the potential causes of Dysuria in cattle?- Urethritis
- Vaginitis
- Cystitis
- Balanoposthitis (inflammation of glans penis) - 35What are potential causes of Oliguria in cattle?Pre-renal: shock, hypovolaemia, dehydration
Renal: acute nephrosis
Post-renal: urethral obstruction - 36What is the Aetiology and Epidemiology of Pyelonephritis in Cattle?UNCOMMON BUT IMPORTANT
Aetiology: Corynebacterium renale (ascending infection)
Epidemiology: contagious, sporadic disease of cows with venereal spread - 37What are the Clinical Signs of Pyelonephritis?- Wt loss
- Reduced milk yield over wks
- Fluctuating appetite
- Stranguria
- haematuria
- Pyuria
- Frequent painful urination (arched back)
- Intermittent pyrexia - 38How can Pyelonephritis be diagnosed?Perform a rectal exam: kidneys become enlarged with loss of lobulation, pain on palpation of kidney (only left is palpable). US guided rectal: Ureters thickened and calcified, bladder wall and mucosa thickened
Urinalysis:
+ Dipstick: Blood, protein +++, pH 8-9
+ Smear: bacteria, WBC, epithelial cells
+ Culture
Biochemistry: Azotaemia - 39How can Pyelonephritis be Treated in Cattle?- Guarded prognosis as depends on infection duration
- High doses of Procaine penicillin BID for 10-14 days
- Possible urine acidifiers - 40How can Pyelonephritis be Prevented in Cattle?- Isolate affected cattle
- Hygiene at calving and AI
- Consider the possibility of carrier bull - 41What is the Aetiology of Cystitis in Cattle?SPORADIC BUT IMPORTANT
- Ascending infection from environment
e.g C. renale, E.coli, Proteus vulgaris - 42What is the Incidence of Cystitis in Cattle?- Mostly sporadic, often post-partum
- May be ass. w/ pyelonephritis
- Females > males - 43What are the Clinical Signs of Cystitis in Cattle?- haematuria +/- pyuria
- Stranguria and dysuria
- Mild pyrexia
- Wt. loss (as not eating due to discomfort)
- Possible bladder thickening per rectum - 44What are the Tx options for Cattle with cystitis?- ABs (would not do a culture & sensitivity because there is a lot of contributing bacteria, therefore only perform if tx unsuccessful)
- NSAIDs (to make more comfortable)
- Encourage water intake (esp. in calves) - 45What is the Aetiology of Urolithiasis in Cattle?UNCOMMON BUT IMPORTANT
- Calculi: small stones of Ca or Mg ammonium phosphate form in bladder
- Obstruction of the urethra: sigmoid flexure in bulls and vermiform appendage in rams - 46What are the risk factors for Urolithiasis in Cattle?- Castrated males (as urethra generally smaller)
- Excessive body condition
- Calves on milk substitute
- High levels of concentrates - 47What are the clinical signs of Urolithiasis?- stranguria, oliguira and anuria
- mild to severe colic, paddling hind limbs
- calculi on preputial hair
Rectal exam: pulsation of urethra in ischial arch region, distended bladder (unless ruptured) +/- bladder rupture, uroperitoneum and abdominal distention,
+/- urethral rupture and sloughing of subcutaneous tissues ("water belly") - 48How is Urolithiasis Tx in farm animals?- remove vermiform appendage in rams
- Butyscopolamine (Buscopan) to relieve smooth muscle spasm (and allow stones to pass)
- Urethral catheterisation +/- retrograde hydropulsion
- Intravenous fluid therapy: diuresis, management of azotaemia
- Surgical management: sub-ischial urethrostomy (poor long term prognosis) - 49How can Urolithiasis in Cattle be prevented?- ensure correct Ca: P ratio in diet
- Avoid excessive dietary magnesium in milk-fed calves
- Manage body condition - esp. in old castrated males
- Oral ammonium chloride to aid crystal dissolution
- Ensure free access to drinking water - 50What is Renal Failure secondary to?RARE!
- acute infection/ septicaemia
- Nephrotoxins (e.g. oak, lead)
- Hypoxia due to reduced blood flow
- Shock - 51What is the Aetiology of Bladder Paralysis?UNCOMMON
- dystocia; intrapelvic sacral nerve injury
- crushing of sacrum and tail head; vertebral damage (become more of problem w/ calving than urinary problems therefore euthanised) - 52What are the Clinical signs of bladder paralysis?- Dribbling urine
- Voiding small amounts
- Urine scalding
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- 2 Clinical Veterinary Science (Urinary Tract ) Flashcards on LA- Cattle Urinary Diseases , created by Rebecca Hitchman on 11/02/2019.
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- Rebecca Hitchman
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