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Flashcards

4h 30 m

Angela Samonte English 134 cards

Cards in this deck (134)

  1. 1Haematoxylin, basic mordant (aluminium salts) binds to the tissue H binds to the mordant, tissue-mordant-haematoxylin linkageDNA (nucleus) + RNA in ribosomes and RER, acidic
    purple
  2. 2covering v glandular continuous sheets of cs covering exterior surfaces, line internal closed cavities and bod tubesstand on, basemenet mem, attachement, selective filtration barrier
  3. 3v little intercellular material don't have their own b supply dif, O2, METABOLITES c-c junctions, adjacent cs. gap junctions, communication selective dif, e.g. transfer of gases, nutrients, + waste ps between the b and surrounding Tssimple squamous, smallest barrier to d
  4. 4excision, punch, cone, curettings, prostateautolysis = the breakdown of p or a tissue by the action of EZs contained within the affected tissue
    putrefaction = decomposition produced by the action of bacterial EZs derived from the BOWEL
  5. 5EZs from fungi, also BOWEL BOWEL BOWELdiagnosis
    life-like
    STABILISING, T'S pros
    preventing putrefaction's effects
  6. 6firmer Certain cellular components stain more easily Kills cs rapidly + evenly. prevents, build-up of harmful METABOLITES which disrupt cellular APPEARANCEstops cellular functions immediately, preventing autologous and microbial damage
    meaningful diagnostic + prognostic measurements
    hydrated.
  7. 7SALTS, ADDED TO FIXATIVES TO PRODUCE ISOTONIC SOLS THAT DON'T RESULT IN shrinkage (hyper) or swelling (hypo)Cross-linking (additive) fixatives, e.g. formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde. bind aas in pros to adjust their tertiary structure thus preventing a and p
    sometimes, harmful. contraindicated (e.g. histochemical analyses)
  8. 8Precipitating (non-additive) fixatives e.g. alcohol, methanol, acetone. REMOVING WATER FROM THE CELLULAR MATRIX, THUS DISRUPTING proteins' tertiary structure resulting in precipitationCROSS-LINKING. E.G. FORMALEDHYDE, GLUTARALDEHYDE, BIND AAS IN pros TO ADJUST THEIR TERTIARY STRUCUTRE, thus preventing autolysis + putrefaction.
    bind aas in pros to adjust their tertiary structure
  9. 9increased T. fixative to tissue ratio. addition of buffers can slow fixation but is used to avoid FIXATION ARTEFACTS (e.g. FORMALIN FIXATION). conc. longer immersion timesFORMALIN. produced by dissolving formaldehyde (a gas) in water, forming METHYLENE GLYCOL. METHYLENE GLYCOL MOLECULES FORM POLYMERS
    METHYLENE GLYCOL MOLECULES FORM POLYMERS
  10. 10macroscopic description histology cassette Block selection: localisation. use of dye/ink to permit anatomical orientation or identification or resection marginblock selection: localisation. Use of dye/ ink to permit anatomical orientation or identification or resection margin
  11. 115, width T, impregnated w/ a medium firm enough to SUPPORT the t, soft enough to PERMIT SECTIONING. PARAFFIN WAX Most fixatives are aqueouswater + paraffin wax don't mix
  12. 121. DEHYDRATION IN ASCENDING CONCS OF ALCOHOL, USUALLY INDUSTRIAL METHYLATED SPIRIT. IMS but paraffin wax isn't miscible w/ alcohol2. CLEARING AGENT THAT'S MISCIBLE W/ BOTH ALCOHOL + PW. XYLENE
    XYLENE
    XYLENE
    XYLENE
    all traces of alcohol are removed
  13. 13Routine T processing, up to 48 hrs. more rapid turnaround, INTRAOPERATIVE biopsy. = occurring or performed during the course of a surgical operation.e..g during, surgical procedure, mass that can't be classified as benign or malignant based upon, macroscopic appearance. Such info alters the procedure's course
  14. 14under general anaesthesia, FROZEN SECTION. v FFPE (formalin fixed paraffin embedded) section NO FIXATION NO T PROCESSING T is rapidly frozen in LIQUID NITROGEN + fixed TO A SMALL CORK DISK USING OCTOCT (a reagent that's glue-like at room T but FREEZES SOLID)
  15. 15FROZEN IN LIQUID NITROGEN + FIXED TO A SMALL CORK DISK USING OCTstains are aqueous, not mix w/ the wax-impregnated tissue.
    remove the wax + take the tissue back to water
  16. 16methylene blue acidophilic purple dye, nuclei, DNA. Placing into ACID ALCOHOL to remove the haematoxylin that's not bound to the nuclei = DIFFERENTIATION. QUICKLY TO AVOID ALL THE DYE BEING REMOVED FROM, TEosin, pink, stain various t structures e.g. collagen, fibrin, muscle, + rbcs
    collagen, fibrin, muscle, + rbcs
    collagen, fibrin, muscle, + rbcs
    rbcs, muscle, collagen, fibrin
  17. 17xylene removes wax industrial methylated spirit (IMS). removes xylene rinse under water H acid alcohol removes H not bound to the DNAwater, wash (turn BLUE)
    eosin
    wash, water
    IMS, 3 seconds (no more or the eosin will start to wash out)
  18. 18identify specific t structures or cellular inclusions Perls' Prussian Blue, iron deposits within t. t is first treated w/ dilute hydrochloric acid to release FERRIC IONS from the binding proteinsThese freed ions react w/ potassium ferrocyanide in the solution to produce an INSOLUBLE BLUE COMPOUND = Prussian blue
    see, chemical r almost immediately
  19. 19better contrast + to aid in visualisation of cs + ts, a Nuclear Fast Red counterstain Nuclear Fast Red counterstain = an additional dye used in a microscopy specimen to produce a contrasting background or to make clearer the distinction between different kinds of tissue.dewax
    Perls solution, contains dilute hydrochloric acid + potassium ferrocyanide, 10 min
    wash in water
    nuclear fast red, 1 min
    wash, water
    IMS, 3 secs
  20. 20Perls sol contains dilute hydrochloric acid + potassium ferrocyanide potassium ferrocyanide potassium ferrocyanide potassium ferrocyanidedilute hydrochloric acid to release ferric ions from the binding proteins
    freed ions react w/ potassium ferrocyanide to produce Prussian blue (an insoluble blue compound)
  21. 21cytology: methylene blue histology: routine stain Special stainc/ tissue type
    structural abnormalities
    MOs
    extracellular pros
    c/ tissue constituents (e.g. minerals, carbs, pigmentation)
  22. 22DIRECT ATTACHMENT: charges on dyes + tissues. van der Waal's forces, covalent bs, etcs. colour intensity affected by T/ fixationINDIRECT ATTACHMENT = INTERMEDIARY COMPOUND TO LINK T + DYE. dye lake. mordant, polyvalent metal ion
  23. 23DIFFERENTIATION = REMOVAL OF XS DYE to provide a GOOD CONTRAST. progressive/ regressive stainingTRAPPING AGENT = prevents the escape of dye, prevents colour loss
  24. 24eosin = stains basic cellular components, e.g. rbcs, cytoplasm, muscle, + collagen The density of these elements determines, colour's depthgood tissue overview
    t structure + architecture
    sensitivity to structural change
  25. 25Special stains = identify specific components / structuresPerls' Prussian Blue (iron)
    PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff), basement mem
    PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff), + Alcian blue: glycoproteins (mucins)
    Haematoxylin-van Gieson stain: collagen
  26. 26dysfunction, e.g. malignancy, inflammation, PARENCHYMA + STROMA cellular dysregulation, e.g. hyperchromasia, polymorphism, changes in nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio tissue death/ repair, e.g. necrosis, collagen depositsEstablishing d progression, e.g. metastasis, identifying t of origin of a tumour
  27. 27Stratifying treatment e.g. targeting specific cellular markers, personalised med1. crosslinking of cellular protein structure to form methylene glycol polymers within tissue
    crosslinking of cellular protein structure to form methylene glycol polymers within tissue
  28. 28Formalin = produced by dissolving formaldehyde in water, forming methylene glycol. Methylene glycol molecules form polymerscrosslinking of cellular pro structure to form methylene glycol polymers within tissue
  29. 29Crosslinking is the process of chemically joining two or more molecules by a covalent bond.2. Removal of calcium from tissue sample
  30. 303. t orientation documented + ink applied on t margins4. t dissected + placed in plastic cassettes
  31. 315. ascending concs of industrial methylated spirits6. immersion in clearing agent
  32. 327. t impregnation w/ paraffin wax8. orientation within cassette + embedding w/ paraffin wax
  33. 339. microtome 10. wax sections floated on water bath + attached to slide1. crosslinking of cellular pro structure to form methylene glycol polymers within tissue
    2. decalcification
    3. t ORIENTATION documented + ink applied on t margins
  34. 344. t dissected, placed, cassettes 5. ascending concs of industrial methylated spirits 6. immersion in clearing agent 7. t impregnation w/ paraffin wax8. orientation within cassette + embedding w/ pw
    8. orientation within cassette + embedding w/ pw
    9. microtome
    10. wax sections floated on water bath + attached to slide
  35. 3585% of cancers are of epithelial origin ciliated, motile simple, 1 keratin, surface, skin stratified cuboidal, lining glandssquamous - wider than they're tall
    basement = underneath all epithelium, separating it from the underlying tissue
  36. 36columnar. active secretion + absorptionyellow after adding NaOH
  37. 37mouse adipose/ fibroblast cs. originally isolated from mouse areolar + adipose tissueRPMI 1640: the basic culture medium
    HEPES: acid. increases the medium's buffer strength + raises the max buffering range. 7.2. 7.2-7.4
  38. 38IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgA = 15% of all immunoglobulins in healthy human serumImmunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction.
  39. 39IgA in serum is mainly monomeric, but in secretions, it's found as a dimer where the 2 indi IgA molecules are connected by a joining peptideMost IgA is present in this secreted form.
    bc, properties in preventing invading pas attaching + penetrating epithelial surfaces
  40. 40Secretory IgA works together w/ lysozymes, also present in many secreted fluids, which hydrolyse carbs in bacterial c walls, enabling, IS to clear the infectionAnti-human IgA antib is adsorbed onto the microwells. Standard or unknown sample is added to the wells. Any IgA present will bind to the coating antib. HRP-conjugated anti-IgA antib will bind to any IgA-anti-IgA complexes. The EZ substrate is added to the microwell. A coloured product
  41. 41is formed which is proportional to the amount of IgA in the sample or standard/An anti-human IgA antib is ADSORBED onto microwells = coating
  42. 42(of a solid) hold (molecules of a gas or liquid or solute) as a thin film on the outside surface or on internal surfaces within the material.= adsorbedSamples, standards, + controls, added to indi microwells + any human IgA present will bind to the coating antib. After a washing stage, an HRP-conjugated anti-human IgA antib is added + binds to any human IgA that's been captured by the coating antib.
  43. 43HRP-conjugated anti-IgA antibany unbound antib is removed during a wash step followed by the addition of the HRP substrate
  44. 44HRP EZ + substrate r, a coloured product, formed which is proportional to the amount of human IgA present in the tested sampler, terminated by the addition of acid
    absorbance, spectrophotometry at 450nm
  45. 45assay buffer wash buffer HRP-conjugated anti-IgA antib adhesive film incubate, 1hr TMB substrate solutionincubate. Avoid direct exposure to intense light
    substrate r, stopped before POSITIVE WELLS ARE NO LONGER PROPERLY RECORDABLE.
    STOP SOLUTION, added when the highest standard has developed a dark blue colour
  46. 461:50,000 dilutionconc, x
    absorption, y
  47. 47A blood group, identified by the antigs on the rbc surface + antibs circulating within the PLASMA Group _ = _ antiG on rbc surface and the opp _, antib in plasmaanti-A, anti-B, and anti-RhD antisera
  48. 4840 microL same V Mix, slide by gentle rocking for 30 seconds, samples + antisera stay on the slide + the drops don't mixLeave, room T, 5 mins, mixing occasionally
    AGGLUTINATION INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF THE ANTIG ON THE RBCS' SURFACE
  49. 49parasites Adaptive aka acquired, development of an IR that's specific to the invading pa Innate, born w/, v specific whilst being general, doesn't adaptadaptive. made + refined during the infection
  50. 50The IS's cs originate from haematopoietic stem cs, through the process of haematopoiesis.Haematopoiesis refers to the commitment and differentiation processes that lead to the formation of all blood cells from haematopoietic stem cells. In adults, haematopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow (medullary), but it can also occur in other tissues such as the liver, thymus and spleen (extramedullary).
  51. 51leukocytes = cs that form part of the ISPrimary lymphoid tissues/ organs = where lymphocytes develop + mature (THYMUS + BONE MARROW)
    Secondary = where lymphocytes MEET ANTIG + RESPOND TO PAS (lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix)
  52. 52p. develop + mature. thymus + bone marrows. meet antig + respond to pas. appendix, tonsils, lymph nodes
  53. 53Lymph nodes are connected through lymphatic vessels: lymphaticsthey collect the plasma that continually leaks out of blood vessels + forms the extracellular fluid
  54. 54Lymph is returned to the blood, chiefly via the thoracic duct lymph is returned to the blood, chiefly via the thoracic duct Lymph is returned to the blood, chiefly via the THORACIC DUCTflow, driven by the continual movements of 1 part of the bod w/ respect to another
  55. 55Innate: monocytes, macrophages, + dendritic cs granulocytes (the receptors on these cs aren't pa specific): neutrophil, eosinophil, mast c, basophil natural killer csadaptive:
    T lymphocytes: memory T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+), helper T lymphocytes (CD4+)
    B lymphocytes: memory B lymphocytes, plasma c, and antibs IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgG
  56. 56A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.cytotoxic T ls (CD8+)
    helper T ls (CD4+)
  57. 57CD8+ = cytotoxic T lymphocytes CD4+ = helper T lymphocytesadaptive: T + B
    innate: monocytes, macrophages, + dendritic cs
    granulocytes
    natural killer cs
  58. 58Lymphocytes receptor: the receptors of adaptive imm are all of the same molecular type + are HIGHLY PATHOGEN-SPECIFIC. They're not encoded by conventional genes but by genes that are cut, spliced, and modified to produce billions of variantsDuring an infection, only those ls that recognise the specific pa proliferate and differentiate. LT immunological memory of the pa. Second encounters elicit a stronger + faster response
  59. 59If innate imm isn't enough, the adaptive IS is activated. pa-specific. Adaptive takes time to develop, + has immunological memory, which results in a faster 2nd responsepolluted air
    recognise, pa, present.
    recruit DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTOR MECHANISMS that kill + eliminate the invading pa
  60. 60Detection by the cs of the innate IS rely on a limited no. of invariant (never changing) receptors that recognise many MOs.These receptors recognise simple molecules + regular patterns of molecular structure, present on pathogens but not on self, = PAMPS =
    pathogen-associated molecular patterns
  61. 61pathogen-associated molecular patterns PRRs = pattern recognition receptors = receptors recognise these PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)TLRs = toll-like receptors
    rep an evolutionary ancient host defence system
    10 expressed TLR genes in humans that recognise dif PAMPs
  62. 62TLRs are homologues of the receptor protein Toll They're a type of PRR (pattern recognition receptor) They recognise PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)having the same relation, relative position, or structure.
  63. 63TLR activation: Production of inflammatory cytokines, chemotactic factors, antimicrobial peptides, and the antiviral cytokines Interferon-alpha and Interferon-betachemotactic factors = substances that stimulate cellular locomotion/migration
  64. 64TLR signalling, able to activate DIF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORScs release cytokines (soluble protein signals) which affect other immune cs and the vascular endothelium
    injury. rubor, calor, tumor, dolor
    RCTD
  65. 65Local dilation of b capillaries increase the blood flow to the area the endothelium becomes leaky + extracellular fluid collects in the connective tissuethis swelling puts pressure on nerve endings causing pain
  66. 66Local dilation of blood capillaries increase the blood flow to the area the endothelium becomes leaky + extracellular fluid collects in the connective tissue. swelling puts pressure on nerve endings, painCYTOKINES CHANGE THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM'S ADHESIVE PROPERTIES, ATTRACTING OTHER LEUKOCYTES FROM THE BLOOD
  67. 67DENDRITIC CELLS RECOGNISE ANTIGS THROUGH PRR. Dendritic cs recognise antigs through pattern recognition receptors.they internalise pas + digest them =antig processing
  68. 68The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.Antigs are loaded onto MHC molecules and delivered to the cell surface (antigen presentation)
  69. 69MHC ms and their peptides are seen by TCR.MHC Class I present antig from INTRACELLULAR PAS. RECOGNISED BY CD8+ T CELLS
    MCH CLASS I ms bind to CD8
  70. 70MHC CLASS II present antig from EXTRACELLULAR PAS. recognised by CD4+ T cells. MHC CLASS II ms bind to CD4CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T CS:
    interact w/ peptide MHC CLASS I complexes. cs are activated to become CYTOTOXIC EFFECTOR CS.
    Dendritic cs express high levels of B7 + can activate naive CD8 T cs. Activated CD8 T cs makes IL-2, driving its own proliferation + differentiation
  71. 71CD4+ T cs, aka T helper cs. ACTIVATE + HELP OTHER C TYPES, principally MACROPHAGES + B CELLS, TO PARTICIPATE IN THE IRmacrophages + B cs
    Cytokines in the T cs' immediate envir influences the differentiation pathway
  72. 72Antibs are the only effector function of B cs, but through ISOTYPE SWITCHING, responses can be differentHeavy chain confers dif properties: Ig ___
    MADEG
  73. 73regulatory T csoverrs to environmental antigs
  74. 74Hypersensitivity rs: antigs = allergens Types: I = IgE, immediate IE IE IE IMMEDIATEII = IgG
    2 ggs= egg
  75. 75III = Immune complex mediated immune complex mediateIV = T cell mediated (DTH)
  76. 76Systemic response allergens: anaphylaxis allergic: rhinitis, relatively mild asthma, potentially life-threateningRHINITIS
    ASTHMA
  77. 77Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It typically causes more than one of the following: an itchy rash, throat or tongue swelling, shortness of breath, vomiting, lightheadedness, and low blood pressure. These symptoms typically come on over minutes to hours.Inhalation, most common entry
  78. 78unwanted adaptive IR. failures of the mechanisms of tolerance diabetes, insulin dep Grave's d coeliac d rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints. The symptoms usually affect the hands, feet and wrists. There may be periods where symptoms become worse, known as flare-ups or flares.
  79. 79systemic lupus erythematosusa quant or qualitative defect in the IS that leads to AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
  80. 80P, present from birth S, caused by an EXTERNAL FACTORSCID = severe combined immunodeficiency. most common causes:
  81. 81abnormalities in the common gamma chain (IL2RG) No T CS, LIMITED/ NO B cs, no NK cs X-linked, boy in a bubble HIV + AIDSantib/antig interaction
  82. 82Type 1 allergic responses are mediated by IgE Therefore detection of allergen specific IgE is useful in diagnosing allergic d. = specific IgEan activated IR will produce antigen-specific antib
  83. 83absence of response. measurement of antibs (immunoglobulins)Innate cs recognise PAMPS through PRRS.
    pathogen-associated molecular patterns
    pattern recognition receptors
    toll-like receptors= a type of PRR
  84. 84DCs bridge the innate + adaptive response Adaptive response effectors inc T helper cs, cytotoxic T cs, + antibs.live attenuated
    inactivated
    whole killed
  85. 85prophylactic = before cancer develops therapeutic = treats the already established Tumours are genetically distinct they should be recognised by the IS v immunosuppressive = partially or completely suppressing the immune response of an individual.3 cancer vaccine types:
    cell = prepared w/ autologous or allogeneic tumour cs/ dendritic cs pulsed w/ antig or modified T cs
    gene based. limited uptake
    protein/ peptide. limited immunogenicity require use of adjuvants (+ HLA specific)
  86. 86relating to or denoting tissues or cells which are genetically dissimilar and hence immunologically incompatible, although from individuals of the same species. = allogeneicmeasurement can be influenced by the operator
    data, generated by a subject whose observations may influence the output
    objective = measurement is indep of the operator
  87. 87data, generated by machine. reading, not influenced by the userDirect antiglobulin test (DAT), used to detect antibs present on CIRCULATING RBCS
    INDIRECT (IAT), detect BLOOD GROUP ANTIBS IN PLASMA
  88. 88Acute, within 24hrs delayed, more than 24hrs post-tf TRALI = transfusion-related acute lung injury transfusion-related acute lung injurytransfusion-related acute lung injury
    transfusion-related acute lung injury
  89. 89Antibs in donor blood reacting w/ pat cs or pulmonary endothelium, leading to pulmonary edemaPulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure. ... Pulmonary edema, especially acute, can lead to fatal respiratory distress or cardiac arrest due to hypoxia. It is a cardinal feature of congestive heart failure.
  90. 90most cases in 2 hrs, max 6 severe breathlessness, cough, pink sputum often also hypotension, fever, rigours, neutropenia, + monocytopeniatreatment is supportive
    high oxygen therapy
  91. 91Most pats recover from transfusion-related acute lung injury within 1 to 3 days w/o LT problemsTransfusion-associated graft-versus host d (TA-GvHD)
    rare + almost always fatal
    only 1 case since 2000
  92. 92Symptoms occur 7 to 14 days after transfusion, max 30 days. transfusion-associated graft-versus host d TA-GvHDViable lymphocytes in a blood donation engraft in the pat. These lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient
  93. 93fever, skin rash, diarrhoea, disturbed liver function, worsening bone marrow aplasia Haemovigilance = the systematic surveillance of adverse rs + adverse events related to TFAim = to improve TF safety, efficacy, + efficiency
    Covers all activities of the TF chain from donor to recipient. The system should include monitoring, identification, reporting investigation, + analysis of adverse events, near misses, + rs related to TF
  94. 94The MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency) inspects all TF centres and hosp TF labs to ensure their processes + quality standards are complientH, LUNGS, LIVER, KIDNEYS
    other tps: pancreas, small bowel, heart valves, cornea, bones, tendons, skin
  95. 95tissue typing. human leukocyte antigs (HLA) or major histocompatability antigs (MHC). highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigs (HLA)immunosuppression.
    hyperacute rejection = a few mins after (TISSUE MISMATCH)
    acute = 1 week to 3 months
    chronic = over many yrs
  96. 96increase the no. of donors, xenotransplantation, implantable devices, stem cs + tissue engineering, organogenesis, 3D printingcellular component = 45%. rbcs, wbcs, platelets.
    plasma = 55
  97. 97spectrophotometry for the measurement of Hb direct current sheath flow, count c no. flow cytometry,determine white c differentialsspectrophotometry measures the degree of absorbance of light by a protein at a specific wavelength
  98. 98s, HB DCSF, c no. FC, wbc differentialsDC sheath flow method: the flow of the sheath fluid forces cs into single file
    single cs pass through a small aperture
    In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels
  99. 99a small aperture which has electrodes on either side a direct current passes from 1 electrode to the otherwhen a c passes between the 2 electrodes, it obstructs the current, or CREATES RESISTANCE WHICH CAUSES AN ELECTRICAL PULSE CHANGE THAT'S PROPORTIONAL TO THE C'S SIZE
  100. 100ELECTRICAL PULSE CHANGE THAT'S PROPORTIONAL TO THE C'S SIZEThe electrical data is converted into graphical displays.
  101. 101Flow cytometry, measure cs' physical properties, e.g. size + granularity. The flow of the sheath fluid forces cs into single file. They pass individually through a laser beam + how the laser light is scattered gives info about c size + granularity.forward scatter indicates c V
    side scatter = c granularity
    forward, arrow, V
    side, granularity
  102. 102FBC, identify inflammation, anaemia, cancer, infections, autoimmune ds, liver ds, vitamin deficiencies, bone marrow failurebreakdown of the total white c count into its constituent cs
    ratio of the total (%) or as an absolute value (cs per microl)
    misinterpretation
  103. 103cytosis = increased no.s cytopenia = decreased no.s pen falls, down, decreasethrombocytes = platelets
  104. 104Platelets, also called thrombocytes are a component of blood whose function is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumpingif, symptoms associated w/ e.g. fatigue or weakness or has an infection, inflammation, bruising, or bleeding.... cause
  105. 105review overall health + screen for a range of disorders diagnose +/or monitor a medical condi monitor medical treatmentSysmex XP300
    20 parameters
    50 microL
  106. 106Hb PROPORTION of each type of wbctotal r cell count
    Hb
    MEAN C V
    ADDITIONAL INDICES
  107. 107low: anaemia, not enough iron in diet, blood loss, certain chronic ds, e.g. kidney d high: kidney d, chronic lung d, polycythaemia verapolycythaemia: abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.
  108. 10870% neutrophils seems normal but if, total WBC count is 20,000, the absolute value (0.07 x 20,000) is an abnormally high count of 14,000. neutrophil's absolute value normal is 2500 - 7000not all abnormal results are reflected as a value above or below the normal range
  109. 109wbc % as a decimal x the wbc total = absolute valueMTT = A WATER SOLUBLE TETRAZOLIUM SALT GIVING A YELLOWISH SOLUTION
    Dissolved MTT is converted to an insoluble purple formazan product by active mitochondrial dehydrogenases in living cs.
    The water insoluble formazan can be dissolved in the solvent dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)
  110. 110+ measured in a spectrophotometer giving an absorbance proportional to formazan conc., i.e. proportional to the amount of mitochondrial dehydrogenases present so proportional to the no. of living cs presentsensitivity of L929 CS TO THE ANTI-CANCER DRUG doxorubicin
  111. 111increase doxo conc, decrease c viabilityIf v high stock sol, the powder wouldn't dissolve bc the solute is a lot bigger than the solvent
  112. 112make stock conc much higher + do many dilutions. so final conc of solvent is almost negligible/ minimalplasma, transport medium for blood cs, dissolved nutrients, + plasma pros (inc those involved in coagulation)
  113. 113FBC: no. + size of rbcs, wbcs, + platelets Hb levels rcs indices, white c indices, plateletsplatelets = small fragments of the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte
    contain numerous granules that promote haemostasis
    circulate in the blood for 7 to 10 days before being destroyed in the spleen or liver
  114. 114Radial immunodiffusion Precipitin rs equivalence point: equal, immune complex lattice formation, maximal, immune complexes forms + redissolves at an equal rateantib XS, fixed amount of antib binds antig, forming a 3d lattice immune complex
    antig XS, lattice structure begins to break apart + redissolve
  115. 115Heidelberger Kendall Curve Heidelberger Kendall Curve Heidelberger Kendall Curvewhen antig conc, equivalent, antib, a ring of antig-antib precipitate is formed
    greater, initial conc of antig in the well, greater, diameter, precipitin ring
  116. 116Precipitin curve RID = precipitation r.polarisation = the tendency of migrating cells to have a distinct, stable front + rear. these could be chemotactic, haptotactic, mechanotactic, electrotactic, and durotactic.
  117. 117protrusion - the de novo formation of mem extensions in the direction of migrationstarting from the beginning; anew.
    = de novo
  118. 118mem trafficking = when pros + other macromolecules are distributed throughout the c, + released to or internalised from the extracellular space using mem-bound vesicles as transport intermediariesparacrine = c-to-c communication in which a c produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cs, altering the bh of those cs
  119. 119endocrine = endocrine cs release HMs that act on distant target csautocrine = c secretes a HM or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on that same c, causing changes in the c
  120. 120juxtacrine = c/c or c/ extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular orgs that requires close contactCOLORIMETRIC ASSAY, ASSESSING C VIABILITY
  121. 121Mitochondrial dehydrogenases = EZS, convert the tetrazolium salt to formazan. these EZs are only active when the mitochondrial activity is ongoing. total mitochondrial activity is related to, no. of viable cs, assay, broadly used to measure the in vitro cytotoxic effects of drugs on cs.incubation, cs to be affected by the drugs
  122. 122tin foil. MTT IS LIGHT SENSITIVEmedia only
    cs w/o doxo
    solvent control. ensure any changes in c viability that are seen are due to the drug not the solvent
  123. 123YELLOWISH TO PURPLISH DMSO bc FORMAZAN IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER. THE DMSO IS USED AS THE SOLVENT FOR THE FORMAZAN PRODUCT.If for some reason the cs aren't metabolically active
  124. 124colour change (yellow to purple). strongest purple signal from Row B, contains untreated + happy metabolically active cs. weakest, D, highest dose. A, no colour, only media.ethanol, slightly toxic to the cells
  125. 125Cells can be subcultured by transferring some or all cs from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. to prolong the life +/or expand the no. of cs in the culturenew vessel w/ fresh growth medium to provide more room for continued growth. create space for c growth, replace nutrients, + get rid of toxins, produce more cs for experimentation
  126. 126the media is equally attractive to other MOs that will infect the cs + outcompete them in growth. after the first subculture, the primary culture = a subcloneSubculturing a c line always increases its passage no.
  127. 127in vitroIn vitro (Latin for within the glass) refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism. Many experiments in cellular biology are conducted outside of organisms or cells.
  128. 128bc interactions w/ other c types + 3D interactions are lost. Trypsin breaks cellular bonds media containing FBS foetal bovine serum addedFBS within the media contains protease inhibitors which stop the trypsinisation process and act by inhibiting lysosomal peptidases that may be released
  129. 129colorimetric assay, assessing c metabolic activity. insoluble formazan has a purple colour. MTT, a tetrazolium salt, is soluble in culture medium and is cell permeable. the resultant formazan formed when the salt interacts w/ the mitochondria hydrogenase, dissolved in solvents such as DMSOMTT, measure c viability +/or PROLIFERATION
    product, quantified by a spectrophotometer, measures, absorbance of the light passing through, sample
  130. 130Light travels from the light source to the filter, sample, photodetector, digital display meter, gives a digital readingautolysis = breakdown of p or a tissue by the action of EZs contained within the affected tissue
    putrefaction = decomposition produced by the action of bacterial EZs derived from the bowel
  131. 131decomp produced, action of bacterial EZs derived from the bowel EZs from, fungisalts, isotonic
    Cross-linking, formaldehyde, bind aas in pros to adjust their tertiary structure thus preventing a and p
    harmful, contraindicated
  132. 132Precipitating, alcohol, methanol, acetone removing water from the cellular matrix, thus disrupting pros' tertiary structure, resulting in precipitationformalin.
    methylene glycol molecules form polymers
  133. 133too hard to cut bone, teethcalcium deposits can be of diagnostic significance
  134. 134block selection: localization: use of dye/ ink to permit anatomical orientation or identification or resection margin

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Flashcards on 4h 30 m, created by Angela Samonte on 05/04/2019.
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