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Flashcards by Fxxxxxx Hxxxx Rxxxxx, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Fxxxxxx Hxxxx Rxxxxx
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define pathogen | Microorganisms that cause diseases |
| Define communicable diseases | A disease that can be spread to other people |
| Define antigen | A protien marker on the surface of a cell which stimulates an immune response |
| Define vaccine | A dead or weakened form of a pathogn injected into the body to cause an immune response and memory cells are created |
| Define herd immunity | When you vaccinate the majority of the population |
| Define Monoclonal antibodies | Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells. The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body |
| Define placebo | Does not contain the real drug and has no active ingredients |
| Define tumour | A mass of abnormal cells that divides |
| Define health | The state of physical and mental well-being |
| Define non-communicable diseases | Diseases that can't be spread |
| Define obesity | The body having excess fat |
| Define nicotine | A stimulant, legal, recreational drug and is the addicitve but relatively harmless substance in a drug |
| Define carbon monoxide | Poisonous gas |
| Define tar | A sticky black substance and a carcinogen |
| Define carcinogen | Cancer causing substance |
| Examples of risk factors | Diet, stress and life situations |
| Examples of non-communicable diseases | Heart disease, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease |
| Examples of communicable diseases | MMR, ebolla, flu, influenza and HIV |
| Examples of pathogens | Bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists |
| Examples of preventing transmissions of pathogens | Sterilising equipment, dininfecting work spaces, washing hands, use of contraception, cooking food thouroghly, vaccination and good hygiene |
| Examples of ways pathogens are spread | Droplet infection, direct contact, food and water |
| Examples of viral diseases | Measles, HIV and TMV |
| Examples of bacterial diseases | Salmonella and gonorrhoea |
| Examples of fungal diseases | Rose black spot and athletes foot |
| Examples of human defences | Skin, hydrochloric acid, nose, trachea and bronchi |
| Examples of vaccines | MMR, tetanus, polio, rabies and influenza jab |
| Examples of the uses of monoclonal antibodies | Pregnancy tests, diagnosing diseases, resarch and treating diseases (cancer) |
| Explain the importance of exercise for type 2 diabetes patients | Builds more muscles which increases metabolic rate, you're less likely to be overweight and reduces the rate at which fatty material is deposited on the lining of the coronary arteries |
| Explain what damage alcohol has on organs | Brain becomes soft and pulpy and can't function properly. The tissues on the liver become scarred and the liver can't function properly |
| Explain why alcohol is not recommended during pregnancy | Alcohol passes through the placenta and can effect the development of the unborn baby creating deformities. It can cause miscarriages, stillbirths, premature births low birth weight babies |
| Explain the effect of carbon monoxide | Reduces the amount of oxygen the red blood cells can carry |
| Explain why smoking is not recommended during pregnancy | Carbon monoxide passes through placenta and can cause the fetus to not grow properly. Can lead to stillbirths, miscarriages, premature births and low birth weight babies |
| Explain the effect of smoking on the heart | Narrows the blood vessels in our skin, ageing it. Nicotine increases our heart rate whilst the chemicals damage the lining of our arteries. This increases clot formation and blood pressure. So are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease |
| Explain why legal drugs have a greater impact on the population than illegal drugs | More people use legal drugs such as caffeine which is in our tea and coffees. Also, alcohol causes damage to the brain and liver |
| Explain benign and malignant tumours | Benign tumours are harmless and divide slowly whereas malignant tumours are harmful (cancerous) and divide rapidly |
| Explain characteristics of bacteria and viruses | Bacteria are single celled organisms and cause diseases by releasing toxins (this is what makes us feel ill). All viruses are non-living and reproduce inside our cells by taking over cells, damaging and destroying them. All viruses cause diseases but only some bacteria cause diseases. |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of measles | Symptoms are fever, red rash, cough, red eyes and diarrhoea Transmissions are through coughing, sneezing and being next to someone with measles Prevention is through MMR vaccine Treatment is anti-viral drugs |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of HIV | Symptoms are fever, headache, rash, weight loss and chronic diarrhoea Transmissions are through bodily fluids from someone infected with HIV, blood, and breast milk Prevention is through not injecting drugs or sharing needles, making sure partner is STD tested and the use of contraception Treatment is HIV medicine, anti-viral drugs but HIV can't be cured |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of TMV | Symptoms are discolouration of the leaves, mosaic pattern of brown leaves, affected parts can't photosynthesis and this affects growth Transmission is through contact with healthy and infected one, contaminated equipment and via plant wounds Prevention is through good hygiene, pest control, burning and removing affected parts and growing TMV resistant strains Treatment is nothing as there is no cure |
| Explain the role of white blood cells in immunity | Phagocytosis is when white blood cells engulf and invade the pathogens Antibody production when antibodies bind to the antigen on the pathogen and destroys it Antitoxin production when it produces antitoxins to counteract the toxins produced by the pathogens |
| Explain the role of antigens | Helps us to distinguish between self and foreign cells. Immunity is when the white blood cells 'remember' the antibody that it needs to produce to tackle an antigen and can make this antibody rapidly on re-infection and this means that you are immune |
| Explain the process of vaccinations | We inject the dead or weakened form of the pathogen into the body and our immune system recognises the pathogen as foreign and this stimulates our lymphocytes to produce antibodies. The antibodies will be complimentary to the antigen of the pathogen and it will find and destroy it. Memory cells are created and the antibodies are made rapidly on re-infection |
| Explain the importance of herd immunity | Reduces the spread of the pathogen and if the majority of the population is vaccinated, those who aren't are less likely to develop a disease or virus. However, not everyone can be vaccinated due to costs and some are afraid of the possible side effects |
| Explain why antibiotics can only cure bacterial diseases and not viral diseases | Antibiotics can't kill viruses because viruses live inside cells and so can damage our cells. Antibiotics only kill bacteria and the overuse of antibiotics has lead to the production of resistant bacteria |
| Explain what three things drugs are tested for | Toxicity, efficacy and dosage |
| Explain the process of developing and testing new drugs | (Preclinical) Doctors create multiple drugs that may work and are then tested on animal cells, issues and organs to test for toxicity, efficacy and dosage. (Clinical) Using healthy volunteers so that any diseases wont' mask the effects of the drug and so that it doesn't interfere with it. Low dosages are given first for side effects and if safe, it will be tested on a larger sample size to find the optimum dosage. Double blind trial takes place where the patient is given a placebo and neither the patient or the doctor knows to avoid bias and there is a random allocation of people. It is then peer reviewed by other scientists to check for repeat ability and to avoid bias. If it passes all legal tests, it will be licensed so that it can be prescribed |
| Explain how monoclonal antibodies are made | We collect lymphocytes from a rat that makes specific antibodies but don't divide and combine it with tumour cells that don't make specific antibodies but divide. This produces a hybridoma cell that makes specific antibodies and divides. The cells are cloned and then separated and purified so that it can be used |
| Explain how monoclonal antibodies are useful in pregnancy testing | Women urinate on the pregnancy strip and when women are pregnant, their bodies produce the hormone HCG. If HCG is present, it will bind to the antibody and turn blue creating a blue line |
| Explain what is meant by nitrate deficiancy | Protein growth will be limited and so the growth of the plant is limited (stunted growth). This means that the crop will not be produced properly as less proteins means less growth |
| Explain what is meant by magnesium deficiency | Plants can't make enough chlorophyll because less light is absorbed. This reduces the rate of photosynthesis and less glucose is made. Therefore, there is less respiration and less energy available for growth. This leads to the yellowing of the leaves known as chlorosis |
| Explain the 4 physical barriers that plants have | Cellulose cell wall strengthens plant and helps it to resist the invasion of pathogens Tough waxy cuticle acts as a barrier to the entry of pathogens Bark on trees and a layer of dead cells on the outside of stems form a protective layer against the pathogens and when dead cells falls, the pathogens fall Leaf fall so when leaves fall, pathogens also fall off |
| Explain the chemical barriers that plants have | Antibacterial chemicals, antibiotics, mint, hazel and mild antiseptics. Also produces poisons |
| Explain the 4 ways plants defend themselves against herbivores | Poisons to deter herbivores Thorns to make it painful for herbivores to eat Drooping or curling leaves so when touched, it dislodges insects and frightens animals Mimicry where some plants may mimic unhealthy plants to trick herbivores into not eating them |
| Explain why plants with TMV have stunted growth | Less photosynthesis due to a lack of chlorophyll and therefore less glucose is made. Less energy is released for growth as glucose is needed so less proteins are made. This limits the growth of the plant as proteins are needed for growth |
| Explain how someone can develop cancer | If cancer cells are malignant, it will spread to other organs and parts of the body and this goes through the blood stream, forming secondary tumours |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of Salmonella | Symptoms are fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea Transmission is through contaminated food, under cooked food and inadequate hand washing Prevention is through cooking food thoroughly, good hygiene and avoiding cross contamination Treatment is through antibiotics as it kills bacteria or leaving it and letting it run its course as it will go away |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of gonorrhoea | Symptoms are a thick yellow or green discharge from penis or vagina, pain when urinating, vaginal bleeding in between periods and painful or swollen testes Transmissions are through sexual contact or given to child when born Prevention is through contraception and being in a long term relationship with one person Treatment is through antibiotics as bacteria are killed |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of rose black spot | Symptoms are purple or black spots, yellowing of the leaves, drooping leaves, small black lesions on stem, growth affected due to a lack of photosynthesis Transmission is spores of fungus spread by wind and water (rain splash) Prevention is through destroying fallen leaves and pruning out stem lesions Treatment is use of fungicides |
| Explain the symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatments of malaria | Symptoms are recurrent episodes of fever and shaking and can be fatal Transmissions are mosquito punctures in the skin to feed Prevention is through insecticide coated nets, killing mosquitoes and stopping them from breeding Treatment is antimalarial drugs that kill parasites in the blood and insecticides |
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