Flashcards
FUN1: Biomolecules (1-6)
Cards in this deck (66)
- 1Purine & Pyrimidine BondsPurines = A, G
Pyrimidines = T(U), C
A-T, C-G
bond via H-bonds - 2DNA Replication (3 Steps)in cell nucleus
1. Primase binds, synthesizes RNA Primer
2. DNA Polymerase synthesizes new DNA 5'-3'
3. RNA Primer replaced by DNA - 33 Regions of GenePromoter
Coding
Terminator - 4Transcription (3 Steps)Initiation: RNA Pol binds DNA promoter sites & unwinds
Elongation: RNA Pol synthesizes RNA
Termination: terminator sequence causes RNA Polymerase to stop & dissociate - 5Translation (3 Steps)Initiation: ribosome assemble around mRNA, first tRNA binds
Elongation: next tRNA binds, peptidlytransferase reaction binds amino acids
Termination: ribosome reaches stop codon, release factors bind, disassemble ribosome - 6Amino Acid R Group PropertiesPolarity
Hydrophobic/philic
Acidic
Basic - 7R Group ClassificationsHydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Charged
Special - 8How are Primary Structures formedaa forming polypeptide chains, linked by peptide bonds
- 9Peptide Bonda partial double bond (shorter than single) that links amino acids together
- 10How are Secondary Structures Formedvia regular repetitive folding patterns
Alpha Helices or Beta-Pleated Sheets - 11Protein Alpha Helixspiral like structure with inside forming rod shape
side chains extend out into helical array
stabilised by H-bonds - 12Beta Pleated Sheetsstretched out sheet structure
H-bonds b/w NH+ & CO- via side by side polypeptide chains - 13How are Tertiary Structures Formedvia more distant interactions along the polypeptide chain, which folding into globular forms
- 14How are Quaternary Structures Formedvia 2 or more polypeptide chains (same or different)
held together by; non-covalent interactions & interchain disulphide bonds - 15What is Native Conformation of a Proteinthe functional fully folded, unique 3D protein structure, determined by the levels of folding
Determines the biological function of the protein - 16What is PTMpost-translational modifications of proteins
the chemical mod of a protein, which increases diversity of the proteome
a functional group is attached to an amino acid which changes the protein function - 17Common PTM'sPhosphorylation
Glycosylation
Acylation
Ubiquitination
Nitrosylation - 18What are Globular Proteinstertiary structures; compact folded structures formed by combinations of secondary structural elements
- 19What are Fibrous Proteinsunique, regular, secondary structural elements of specific aa
ex: Collagen - 20what is CDG (congenital disorders of glycosylation)inborn errors of metabolism from abnormal glycosylation (deficiency of enzymes in oligosaccharide synthetic pathway)
- 21what is an isomer (sugar)sugars with the same chemical formula, but different structures
ex: Glucose/Galactose/Fructose - 22what is an enantiomersugar structures with mirror images of each other
- 23D & L-SugarsD = OH group on left
L = OH group of right - 24what is a glycosidic bondbond between monosaccharides, forming disaccharides
- 25Functions of Polysaccharides (4)Storage in animals (glycogen)
Storage in plants (starch)
Structure in plants (cellulose)
Structure in invertebrates (chitin) - 26what are GAGSglycosaminoglycans
large complexes of -ve charged unbranched hetero-polysaccharide chains - 27what are PGs - structure - functionproteoglycans
S: complexes with protein cores and links attached to hyaluronic acid backbone
F: elasticity and resistance to compression properties, maintain tissue shape, bind cations, molecular sieves - 28what are glycoproteinsproteins with attached oligosaccharides:
- O-linked, N-linked - 29function of glycoproteins- help sort proteins into various compartments
- act as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural proteins
- surface of membranes (recognition)
- protective lubricants (GI & GU tracts) - 30Glycoprotein Storage Diseasesmucopolysaccharidoses
- hurler's syndrome
- hunter's syndrome
Due to GAG accumulation in lysosomes, lead to skeletal deformities & mental retardation - 31Structural features of fatty acidshydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group
1 end has methyl group (CH3), other end has carboxy group (COOH) - 32Functions of fatty acids- structural component
- enhance protein ability
- precursors of hormone-like prostaglandin
- esterified FAs = major energy reserve for body - 33functions of FFAsfree/unesterified in body
can be oxidized by liver = energy & substrate for ketone body synthesis
can be oxidized by muscle = energy - 34function of mono-acyl glycerolbreakdown product of TAG in fat digestion
- 35function of DAGpotent intracellular signaller
mobilises calcium - 36function of TAGprincipal storage form of energy in body
stored in adipose tissue - 374 classifications of lipids1. FA and their derivatives
2. Lipids containing glycerol
3. Lipids not containing glycerol
4. Lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides - 38functions of lipidsmajor source of energy in body
structural components of cells and organelles
signalling events: steroids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes - 39features of phospholipidsmajor component of cell membrane
ex. glycerophospholipid - 40features of sphingolipidssphingosine + FA + R group
- 41features of sterolsfused ring system + OH
- 42features of terpenes/terpenoids/isoprenoidsany class of organic compounds composed of 2 or more units of hydrocarbons
function as pigments, molecular signals, defensive agents - 43what is MCADmedium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase
- 44function of MCADinvolved in mitochondrial FA β-oxidation
fuels hepatic ketogenesis - 45what is MCAD deficiencyautosomal recessive disease
inborn errors of β-oxidation of medium-chain FAs - 46clinical signs of MCAD deficiency- intolerance to prolonged fasting
- hypoglycaemia
- impaired ketogenesis
- recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma - 47Structural components of biological membranelipid bilayer
proteins
carbohydrates - 48Function of lipid bilayerphysical isolation (barrier)
holds molecules inside
regulate exchange (transporter)
sensitivity
structural support - 49what is passive diffusionunaided, spontaneous movement of solute molecules
down concentration gradient (high to low)
until solutes equilibrate across bilayer - 50what is facilitated diffusioncarrier mediated, down concentration gradient
depends on integral proteins - 51what is active transport - 3 formstransport against concentration gradient
3 Forms: primary, active, group - 52examples of primary transportNa+/K+ pump/ATPase (ion pump)
H+/K+ ATPase (proton pump of stomach) - 53what is secondary transport, and examplecarrier protein that can move more than 1 substance against gradient
gradient for 1 substance drives force for carrier, gives 2nd substance free ride
Ex: glucose transport - 54what is group translocation, and examplesolute changes during transport
Ex: phosphotransferase system (PTS)
- transfers phosphate group to sugar - 55what is endocytosis/exocytosis - examplesbringing proteins/solid particles into cell
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor mediated endocytosis - 56lipids in biological membrane (4)phospholipids
sphingolipids
glycolipids
cholesterol - 57how is the bilayer formedlipids (phospholipids), form bilayer spontaneously via self assembly
driven by hydrophobic interactions & electrostatic and H-bond attractions b/w polar head and water - 58different phospholipids on membrane (4)depends on what phosphate group is linked/esterified to:
- serine = phosphatidylserine
- ethanolamine = phsophatidylethanolamine
- choline = phosphatidylcholine
- inositol = phosphatidylinositol - 593 types of sphingolipids, compositionsphingomyelins
cerebrosides
gangliosides
- has sphingosine backbone - 60glycolipids/glycosphingolipids compositionsphingosine backbone + 1 or more sugars attached to primary hydroxyl group
- 61how does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity- polar head group & rigid steroid ring structure, cause region to stiffen
- non-polar hydrocarbon tail causes region to be fluid - 62how do phospholipids affect fluidityunsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kings = fluid
saturated hydro-carbon tails = viscous (stiff) - 633 types of integral proteins1. single alpha helix
2. multiple alpha helices
3. rolled up beta sheets - 644 types of peripheral proteins1. alpha helix embedded in bilayer
2. protein covalently attached to lipid chain
3. protein attached to phosphatidylinositol via an oligosaccharide linker
4. non-covalent interaction b/w proteins - 65functions of membrane proteins (7)anchoring
recognition proteins
enzymes
receptors
carrier proteins
leak channels
gated channels - 66membrane carbohydrates (4)Glycocalyx
components of complex molecules:
- proteoglycans
- glycoproteins
- glycolipids
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- Flashcards on FUN1: Biomolecules (1-6), created by Charles Cheng on 10/06/2019.
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