Flashcards
JSB270 Exam Revision
Cards in this deck (62)
- 1Principles of Global Justice1. Human rights
2. Human security and safety
3. Peace, freedom and prosperity - 2Human RightsThe basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
- 3'Negative' RightsIndividual rights. Negative = to uphold rights, one party needs to sustain from taking certain actions that could affect the other party.
- 4'Positive' RightsCollective rights. Positive = one party needs to uphold certain duties and obligations towards another party.
- 5Cultural relativismIndividual vs. Collective rights = often controversial.
- 6Categories of human rightsCivil, political, economic, social, cultural rights.
- 7Global injusticesOften interrelated.
1. Economic
2. Environmental
3. Health
4. Cultural
5. Gendered
6. Racial - 8SovereigntySupreme authority within a territory.
Non-interference in another state's domestic affairs.
All states are equal in international law. - 9How sovereignty comes into being1. internal recognition = referendum
2. external recognition = membership of the UN General Assembly - 10SecurityThree different meanings:
1. Traditional = an attribute to the state.
2. Broader sense = referring to the phenomena taking place in international relations and its direct/indirect effect on states.
3. Public good = universal service. - 11National securityThe integrity of the nation's territory and its institutions.
Intra-state conflict = states can be the cause of insecurity.
Threats to national security i.e. nuclear attack. - 12Human securityFocus on individual security, instead of national security.
"Free from want and fear" = protection from harmful and chronic threats, i.e. severe hunger. - 13Theories of global justice: communitarianismThe political community takes precedence over individual rights. The role of the state in fostering individuals to flourish into full citizens.
- 14Theories of global justice: cosmopolitanIndividual rights take precedence over the rights of the state in international politics.
- 15NationalismEmerged with colonialism, claiming states and nations both exist, but nations should be in control of states.
- 16StateA human community that successfully claims the monopoly od the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
- 17NationA large body of people united in common descent, history, culture or language inhabiting a particular country or territory.
- 18Self-determinationThe crux (right) of nationalism. Each state demands the right to its own state (state-seeking nation).
- 19State-led nationalismStates demand citizens identify with the dominant national culture of those who rule the state i.e. Australian citizenship tests.
- 20War1000 combat fatalities in a 12 month period.
- 21Just war theoryEnsure that war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria (Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello).
- 22Theories of global justice: Realist/Neo-realistThe state is the key unit of analysis. The state is the most powerful actor in the international system. We live in a situation of international anarchy.
- 23Theories of global justice: Liberalism/Neo-liberalismThe individual is the key unit of analysis. Individuals are intrinsically cooperative and seek mutual benefits. The international system creates conditions that lead states to compete. Competition can lead to insecurity.
- 24Conflict zones and human insecurity I.e. Congo reading about sexual violence in conflict zonesTransnational, war and humanity crimes flourish in conflict zones due to several factors:
1. population's vulnerability
2. lack of strong authority
3. impunity for crimes committed
4. profit-driven motives for short term gain vs. long
5. ongoing struggle for power - 25CapitalismAn economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and 'free' wage labour.
- 26Colonialism and Quasi-capitalistColonialism = saw the imposition of quasi-capitalist exploitative structures.
Quasi-capitalist = business structures serve an overly narrow purpose with benefits occurring to private individuals. - 27NeoliberalismStates ought to sustain from intervening in the economy and leave as much as possible to the individuals participating in free and self-regulating markets.
States distort the market. - 28Why the liberal turn?1. Economic solution to economic crisis (the 1970s)
2. A political solution to the falling rate of profit
3. A political/ideological solution to the growing power of workers. - 29Inequality measurable differences1. health
2. social mobility
3. crime
4. social stability
5. economic productivity
6. corruption
7. human security - conflict - human rights abuses - 30InequalityGreatly demonstrates/reflects the enormous differences in wealth between the world's richest and poorest countries.
- 31Economic inequality intersecting with other inequalities1. gender
2. race
3. inter-generational
4. geographical (urban/rural)
5. educational
6. health - 32Human traffickingBriefly = power, control and the movement of people.
Keywords = coercion, force, deception. These distinguish between victims of trafficking and migrants.
Other keywords = recruitment, transportation, threat, force, deception, exploitation, forced labour or services. - 33Australia's human traffickingPredominately starts with the victims wanting to travel (start their journey as a migrant) then they get exploited.
- 34Causes of trafficking1. push factors = push people to want to travel (poverty, education)
2. pull factors = pull people (consumer demand for cheap goods/services)
3. globalisation = transportation, markets, labour differences - 35Global warming/climate changeLooking at the huge increase in surface temp.
Current policies = global mean surface temp. will likely increase from 3.7 degrees to 4.8 degrees over the 21st century. - 36'Warming War'Moved from global threat (Cold War) to warming war where the conflict is not with guns but weapons from everyday life i.e. chimney stacks, exhaust pipes.
- 37Most affect by global warmingGlobal south = poverty, unable to take mitigation methods, vulnerable to natural disasters and geographical low-lying and tropical areas.
- 38Implications of climate change- changing weather patterns
- ocean acidification
- rising sea-levels
- potential for water shortages
- changing species distribution/habitat loss/extinction
- change in disease, transmission and geographic range of vector-borne diseases - 39Climate refugees2014 19 million individuals from 100 different countries were forced to flee homes because of natural disasters
- 40Air pollutionIntroduced by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause a hazard to human health, living resources, ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity or interference with the legitimate use of the environment.
- 41Dangerous air pollutants- sulphur dioxides
- nitrogen oxides
- lead and heavy metals
- toxic organic micro pollutants - 42Silent TsunamiUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates 815 million people were suffering from chronic undernourishment in 2016.
- 43Gender inequality and workWomen bear the brunt of inequalities in work, wealth, health, power, environment, education and violence.
- 44Power and governance: women underrepresentedGlobally 20-30% of elected politicians are female.
Only 3% of corporate CEOs are female.
Around 1/5 of judges are female. - 45Violence and war: womenViolence against women escalates during wars and civil conflicts (predominately global south).
Links between war and masculinism as combatants are usually male.
Sexual violence of women are spoils of war as a strategy. - 46Violence against women: policingTraditional models of policing fail victims of violence:
- Lack of empathy toward victims of DV and SV
- Failure to provide women with adequate info or follow about procedures
- Lack of referral to appropriate support services
- Victim blaming - 47Women only police stationsIntroduced in Brazil 1985 to combat DV.
Presence of women's police stations has led to a 50% drop in lethal partner violence (urban areas) and 17% overall. - 48Women only police stations: processes- Report to a separate sone commander and superintendent
- Have a specialist career structure
- provide emergency assistance clothing, food etc.
- Aim to break the cycle of violence through strategic intervention
- Enhance women's willingness to report and access to justice
provide a gateway between justice, health, care, legal advice, counselling and alternative housing - 49Health justiceExamines the large inequalities in health outcomes and opportunities for health.
- 50Geographical inequalitiesDiffering live expectancies in the Global North and Global South.
- 51Most deadly infectious diseases1. Tuberculosis
2. Malaria
3. Influenza
4. Cholera
5. HIV - 52WHOs social determinants of healthThe conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
- 53SurveillanceThe monitoring behaviour, activities or other info usually of people for the purposes of influencing/managing/directing/protecting them.
- 54Surveillance used by government1. prevention of crime
2. intelligence gathering
3. protection of process/group/person/object
4. investigation of crime - 55Surveillance used by institutionsTo train minds and bodies to conform with dominant expectations of proper, decent, healthy and productive behaviour.
- 56Health and welfare dataSurveillance is not limited to criminal justice institutions. I.e. Australia's My Health Record, our data is saved/stored. If this data gets breached by some agencies, this info can be used to try and control a population.
- 57PrivacyThe assertion that some aspects of an individual's life are personal and should not be intruded upon.
- 58PeacekeepingOperations are undertaken by the UN but can be performed by others i.e. EU or coalitions of winning countries.
Are invited into a country to monitor a peace process i.e. following a civil war or inter-state conflict. - 59Guiding principles of peacekeeping1. consent of parties (goes back to sovereignty, have to be invited in)
2. impartiality
3. non-use of force (except in self-defence or defence of the mandate. - 60Critical issues in peacekeeping/interventions1. limitations on use of force (peacekeepers are left vulnerable/helpless in conflict situations)
2. reluctance of member states to donate any forces for assistance
3. criminal activities of peacekeeping (arms/sex trafficking)
4. reluctance of security council to act in situations
5. questionable motives for intervention - 61ICCEstablished by the international community through the Rome Statute adopted in 1998, established in 2002.
Over 100 countries have ratified the statute (ICC cannot operate in a country unless they have ratified the statute = give consent).
ICC punishes war crimes and crimes against humanity. - 62Criticisms of ICC1. cases take a long time = often 5-10 years after the crime was committed.
2. those accused are often acquitted on technicalities (lack of evidence = ICC is dependent on states in providing evidence through reports)
3. courts have no power to arrest those indicated, there is no army/police force (reliant on member countries)
4. proceedings take place in the Netherlands away from where the crime takes place
5. it's a victor justice (the losing parties/not in power that draws scrutiny in the Global South
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- Flashcards on JSB270 Exam Revision, created by Josephine Hooper on 16/06/2019.
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