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Flashcards

Acid/Base Balance

Toby Meredith Bop- Nursing 104 English 68 cards

Acid/Base Balance

Cards in this deck (68)

  1. 1Acid Base Balance and imbalanceAcid base homeostasis
    -balancing of chemical acids and base concentrations within the body to keep it healthy and stable. Measured in pH at extracellular level.
  2. 2pHinversely related to the conc of H+ ions
  3. 3Low pH>7
    Acid solution
    Acidic
  4. 4High pH<7
    Basic solution
    Alkaline
  5. 53 Acid-base regulation systems :BRRBuffer System
    Respiratory System
    Renal System
  6. 6What does acid do to protein?Breaks it down
  7. 7Monitoring acid/base balanceMeasure respiratory funciton
    Make changes in treatment
    -Oxygentaiton
    -Ventilator settings
    -Electrolytes
  8. 8Causes of Metabolic AcidosisDiahrrhea
    Diabetic ketoacidosis
    Renal Failure
    Shock
    Asprin Overdose
    Sepsis
  9. 9Causes of Respiratory AcidosisLoss of gastric juices
    Overuse of antacids
    K+ wasting diuretics
  10. 10Causes of Respiratory AlkalosisHyperventalitaiton
    Hypoxia
    Anxiety
    High Altitude
    Pregnancy
    Fever
  11. 11Causes of Metabolic AlkalosisHypoventilation
    COPD
    Airway obstruction
    Drug Overdose
    Chest Trauma
    Pulmanory edema
    Neuromuscular disease
  12. 12Phosphate and Ammonia Buffer SystemBuffers Intracellular Fluid and urine
    Occurs in the proximal tubule of the kidney-reabsorbs HCO3- back into the blood
  13. 13Protein Buffer SystemHaemoglobin is an example of a protein buffer which deals with extra H+ ions
    -More binding of H+, the more O2 it can hold in the lungs to distribute to the bodys cells
  14. 14Protein Buffer SystemPlasma and intracellular proteins =plentiful + powerful
    Amphoteric molecules that funcition as an acid/base
    pH falls = acid
    pH rises= base
  15. 15Effect of pH on haemoglobin (HB) SaturationThe more O2 in the blood = decrease of Co2 thus the pH rises.
    More O2 in the blood = Hb can pick up MORE O2 and take it to the tissues in the body
  16. 16Effect of Temperature on Haemoglobin (HB) SaturationLower Temp of the body increases the binding of HB to O2. In contrast, increasing the temp decreases the amount of O2 which binds to HB
  17. 17Renal SystemThe Renal compensation mechanism controlled by the kidneys which regulates the plasma pH.
    -Slower than respiratory compensation
    -Greater ability to restore normal values
  18. 18Renal System AbsorptionAbsorbs HCO3- back into the blood via the cells in the walls of the Kidney tubules
    -Directly reabsorbs H+ ions
    HCO3- and K+ levels in blood, increase
  19. 19Renal System Secretion-If acidosis occurs HCO3- and H+ ions are secreted from the Kidney to be converted into Urine
    -pH levels and H+ decrease
  20. 20Acid base Measurements pHPercent of H+ conc
  21. 21Acid base Measurements BEBase excess
  22. 22Acid base Measurements HCO3-Bicarbonate concentration
  23. 23Ventilation Measurements PaCO2Presussure of Carbon dioxide
  24. 24Ventilation Measurements PaO2Pressure of Oxygen
  25. 25Ventilation Measurements SaO2Haemoglobin oxygen saturation
  26. 26Base ExcessIndication of how much extra base is avaliable
    Normal 0
    Below 3 (-3) = acidosis
    Above 3 (+3) = akalosis
  27. 27Kicking up the pHAlkalosis
  28. 28Sliding down the pHAcidosis
  29. 29PaCO2 Normal range; 4.6 - 6.0 kPaMeasurement of CO2
    controled by the lungs
    carried as H2CO3, carbonic acid
    Inverse ratio to pH
    If PaCO2 down, then the pH is also down
  30. 30PaCO2 Lower range; <4.6 kPaHyperventilaiton
    Respiratoy Alkalosis
  31. 31PaCO2 Higher range; >6.0 kPaHypoventilation
    Respiratory Acidosis
  32. 32PaO2 Normal range; 10-14 kPameasures oxygen dissolved and carried in the blood
  33. 33PaO2 Higher range: >14 Lower Range: <10Below 10=
    Hypoxanemia
    result of hyperventilation
  34. 34SaO2 Normal Range: 95-100%measures oxygen carried by haemoglobin
  35. 35SaO2 Below range: <95%Hypoxanemia= hypovetilaiton due to imparied gas exchange
  36. 36HCO3 Normal range: 22-26 mEq/LMeasurement of the amount of bicarbonate in the blood
    bodys buffer system
    controlled by the kidneys (metabollic)
  37. 37HCO3 Lower range: < 22 mEq/LMetabolic Acidosis
  38. 38HCO3 Higher range: >26 mEq/LMetabolic Alkalosis
  39. 39Aciddonates H+ ions
    -more H+ ions
  40. 40Alkaliaccepts H+ ions when dissolved in water
    OH- + H+ = H2O
  41. 41Bufferany substance that can minimise a change of the concentration of fluid
    -capable of donating/ accepting hydrogen ions
  42. 42Three Major Buffer systems in the bodyHCO3-
    HB and Ammonia system
    Protein system
  43. 431. Buffer SystemFirst response
    Keep the pH within check and reduce the amount of H+ ions
    Amount of H+ ions determines the pH
  44. 442. Respiratory SystemThis system steps up and aims to control and reduce the amount of H+.
    CO2 increases so does the H2CO3, carbonic acid
  45. 453. Renal SystemThis system is the slowest but most effective at achieveing normal conditions.
    Controls the release of HCO3- from the Kidneys
  46. 46Carbonic Acid Bi-carbonate buffer systemVentilation
    Lungs control the amount of CO2 / O2    Carbonic Acid Bi-carbonate buffer system
  47. 47Carbonic Acid Bi-carbonate buffer system Acting enzyme CACarbonic anhydrase is found in the red blood cells and renal tubule cells in the kidney
  48. 48Respiratory Acidosislungs fail to eliminat CO2
    Caused by chest/head trauma
    neurological disorders
    inadequte chest expanision
    airway obstruciton
    aveolar disorders
  49. 49Respiratory Acidosis Signs and symptomsheadache, confusion, irratibility,
    loss of consciousness
    Weakness, decrease of deep tendon reflexes
    Tachycardia
    Ineffecitve respiratory efforts
  50. 50TachycardiaIncreased CO2 levels
    proceed to decrease along with the blood pressure
  51. 51Chronic Respiratory Acidosis Signs and SymptomsWeakness
    Sleep distrubances
    Imparied memory
    Personality changes
  52. 52Treatment for Respiratory AcidosisMaintain pateints airway
    enhance ventilation
    oxygen
    pulmanory toilet
    ventilaiton support
    Frequent monitoring
    Low carbs, high fat diet
  53. 53Metabolic AcidosisExcess acid or reduced bicarbonate production
    caused by Starvation, fasting
    Renal failure
    Diarrhea
    Shock induced hypoxanemia
    Over excersie without caloric intake
  54. 54Metabolic Acidosis Signs and SymptomsAnorexia
    Gernreal malaise, fatigue
    Weakness, decrease of DTR
    Warm, flushed skin
    Tachycardia
    Loss of consious
    Increased K+ and decrease of Mg ++
  55. 55Treatment for Metabolic AcidosisHydration
    Correct the cause via insulin
    antidiarrehal medications
    Dialysis
    Sodium Bicarbonate not routinely given
  56. 56aAcidosis
    Low pH    a
  57. 57—Alkalosis High pHAlkalosis High pH
  58. 58Respiratory AlkalosisLungs eliiminate too much CO2
    Causes
    Panic
    Hypoxanemia
    metabolic triggers
    Neurogenic disorders
    Asthma exacerbation
    Salicilayte toxicity
  59. 59Respiratory Alkalosis Signs and SymptomsRapid, deep respirations
    Anxiety, irratibility, light headedness
    Tetany, siezures
    Decrease of Ca+
    Muscle cramping, weakness
    tachycardia
    Skin and Mucous membranes may be pale
  60. 60Respiratory Alkalosis TreatmentMonitor to be sure respiratory failure isnt developing
    Decrease respiratory rate
    focused on breahting
    decrease breathes per minute on ventilator
    antianxiety medications- paper bag
  61. 61Metabolic AlkalosisExcess base production
    Causes
    Vomiting/ NG sucitoning
    Antacid overuse
    TPN
    Blood transfusions
    Administration ofg sodium bicarbonate
    Thiazide diuretics
  62. 62Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic AlkalosisConfusion, loss of consiousness
    decrease in blood pressure resulting in siezures
    Tingling, numbness aorund mouth, fingers and toes
    Shallow bradypnoea- respiratory failure
    Hall mark sign: increased bi-carobante level with rising PaCO2
  63. 63Treatment for Metabolic AlkalosisTreat underlying cause
    antimetic mediation
    monitor electroytes and replaced if needed
    K+ chloride
    Potassium sparing diuretic
    siezure precautions
  64. 64Compensation of the LungsGoal= maintain a normal pH level
    if there is a problem with the lungs then the kidneys try to compensate
  65. 65Compensation of the KidneyGoal= maintain a normal pH level
    if there is a problem with the kidneys then the lungs try to compensate
  66. 66Rule 1 of compensation1. pH will now have one value 7.4 instead of the range between 7.35-7.45 when determining an acid or an alkali
  67. 67Rule 2 of compensation2. Use the same rules as with regular interpretation
    Identify each value is acid/alkali
    match the abnormalities to interpret ABG
  68. 68Determining Compensation 3 criteria1. look for the value that doesnt match
    if abnormal, one organ is trying to compensate
    2. Re-look at the pH
    3. Normal range = complete compensation
    Out of normal range= incomplete compensation
    Unmatched value is normal- no compensation

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Bop- Nursing 104 Flashcards on Acid/Base Balance , created by Toby Meredith on 24/06/2019.
Created by
Toby Meredith · Jun 2019
Updated
Jun 25, 2019
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