1924596
Description
Flashcards by EmteeSpaces, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by EmteeSpaces
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio | rate of increase of volume is much larger SA won't be enough to cover volume eventually for every increase in linear dimension, the SA growth is proportional to the square of the linear SA = I^2 V = I^3 |
| Metabolism | Heat LOSS is proportional to surface area Heat GENERATION is proportional to volume eg. smaller animals metabolize faster, therefore losing heat faster (large SA:V) |
| Definition of Evolution | gradual genetic change at the population level evolution is found if there are significant changes in ALLELE FREQUENCIES accumulation of mutation species don't have to necessarily form is GENOTYPIC, not phenotypic |
| Trinidadian guppies | colors were much brighter when away from predators evolved in a matter of decades |
| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics | aka. Lamarckism by Lamarck based on phenotypic characteristics later disproved |
| Allele Frequency | Allele: alternate form of a gene particular INCIDENCE of an allele in a particular population |
| Biston betularia | aka. Peppered moth B. betularia f. carbonaria (black)/typica (white) allele frequency of blacks increased during the Industrial Revolution example of evolution w/o new species |
| Lack of evolution in "living fossils" | "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" |
| Charles Darwin | English naturalist and geologist Natural selection studied finches in the Galapogos and noticed their different beaks |
| HMS Beagle | Ship used for Darwin's roughly 5 year voyage |
| Fitness | ability to pass on genes to offspring |
| Alfred Russel Wallace | father of biogeorgraphy, the study of the distribution of species over time thought of natural selection independently of Darwin, later worked with him |
| Wallace's Line | found below Philippines separating organisms found above and below it |
| Thomas Malthus | Economist who stated: Population growth of humans is EXPONENTIAL while resource growth is ARITHMETIC. Therefore, competition will happen over resources. Adapted by Darwin & Wallace |
| Fact of Darwinian Evolution: NON-CONSISTENCY OF SPECIES | Species change over time |
| Fact of Darwinian Evolution: COMMON DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION | all organisms come from one organism (recall: phylogenetic tree) modification = later adapations |
| Theory of Darwinian Evolution: GRADUALISM | Evolution is gradual and does not happen instantaneously (with the exception of punctuated equilibrium) |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | species not changing b/c adapted well to environment -> suddenly stops (punctuated) with a mutation http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VIIA1bPunctuated.shtml |
| Theory of Darwinian Evolution: NATURAL SELECTION | Consistent difference in the survivability of different phenotypes A mechanism for evolution (one of many) evolution is not random "the environment selects which species will survive" it works with what's already there |
| Genetic Drift | neutral, random evolution the random loss and fixation of alleles |
| Natural Selection versus Genetic Drift | NS = non-random, leads to adaptations GD = random, neutral (may or may not lead to adaptations) |
| Systematics | Taxonomy + Evolutionary relationships between organisms= Systematics deals with relationships "The study of biological diversity and its origins" |
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history "The history of the evolution of a species or group" |
| Homoplasy | similarities in ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (appearance) Eg. fish and dolphins (convergent evolution b/c same environment) |
| Homology | similarities in EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN the more homologies there are between organisms, the more related they are Eg. Humans and chimpanzees |
| Analogy | similarities in FUNCTION Eg. Wings and fings for locomotion |
| Convergent Evolution | When two distant species evolve similarly because of the same environmental pressures Eg. humans and birds are both warm-blooded and have a 4-chambered heart (homoplasy) |
| Linnaeus | Father of modern taxonomy used to think there were 4 species of humans based on race |
| Linnaean Taxonomy | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species used BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Genus species epithet Eg. Homo sapiens |
| Monophyly (Monophyletic) | includes the most recent common ancestor and ALL of its descendants if at least one descendant is left out, the grouping is not monophyletic (paraphyletic) |
| Taxon | an example of a taxonomic group Eg. Mammalia, Animalia |
| Taxonomic Group/Category | Eg. Kingdom, order, etc |
| Paraphyly (Paraphyletic) | includes most recent common ancestor but NOT ALL of the descendants |
| Cladogram | illustrates relationships between clades "a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species" a NODE corresponds to a common ancestor |
| Clade | "a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor" |
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