Flashcards
Introduction - what is mobile
Cards in this deck (27)
- 1What is mobile computing?Technologies that enable people to access network services anyplace, anytime, and anywhere
Technologies that permits users with portable computers to retain their (wireless) network connection even when mobile - 2What type of technologies can be considered to be a part of mobile comp?Any technology that allows the transmission of information without physical link you can consider to be a part of mobile computing.
- 3What are the four main challenges in mobile computing?Communication
Mobility
Portability
Social impact - 4What are mobile devices?Mobile devices are not only phones!
It can be video players, audio players, laptop, game console, in car navigation, digital camera - 5What are happening with modern smartphones?They are becoming location or proximity aware
- 6The future of smartphones- Mobile banking
Access bank accounts from everywhere (Internet banking on the go)
Using a mobile for payments (digital cash)
- Speech recognition
Voice dialing -> verification, text input, translation, …
- Barcode reader
the ability for the device to identify objects in the area
Dedicated or integrated with the camera
Shopping, information, payment - 7Three waves of computing1.One computer, many people
1. One computer, one person
1. Many computers, one person - 8What can we see in the future of mobile computing?Computing embedded into everyday objects and environments, enhancing everyday activity
For example a coffee cup that can sense that your coffee is running out, which talks to your coffee machine which talks to your fridge that you need milk etc - 9What are common challenges with wireless connections?1. More frequent disconnections
- reduce the amount disconnections: we want to achieve being able to be connected all the time.
2. Lower bandwidth
-Bandwidth can vary if you are inside a building if you don’t have a strong signal.
3. Higher latency
- If you have latency - how does an interactive application show you information in real time without weird delays?
4.Variation in available bandwidth
5.Greater network heterogeneity
Having app working on wifi, 3G and switch between those things seamlessly
6.Increased security risks
Challenge of wireless communication: man in the middle attacks, people eavesdropping - 10Bandwidth vs latencyBandwidth: Bandwidth determines how fast data can be transferred over time. Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transferred per second.
Latency: Latency is delay. Latency is how long it takes data to travel between its source and destination, measured in milliseconds. - 11What are challenges with mobility?1.Address migration
Mobile devices used different (IP) addresses (over WIFI, 3G and you want to seamlessly be able to switch between those)
Also depending on the infrastructure you are building you might want to be able to do selective broadcast, central services, home base, forwarding pointers
2.Location dependent information
Information request depends on the location of the device - (As my GPS coordinates change, for example if I have a lecture in the calendar - mobile should go into silent mode)
3. Migrating locality
Connections should be dynamically transferred to servers that are (geographically) closer. - 12What are challenges with Portability?- Energy usage
Improve how much energy the software consumes. This can be done through stop using a sensor when it is not needed, cashing, smart look ups)
-Risk to data
Portable devices are more vulnerable to loss or damage. A doctor that uses a mobile to record patient temperature: this information should not be lost even if the device is damaged
-Resource-poor relative to static devices
Given a certain cost and level of technology, processor speed, memory size, and storage capacity are always smaller compared to their static counterparts
-Small user interface
small devices will always have smaller user interfaces, make sure that info looks good on both! - 13What are the challenges social impacts?Privacy
- posting about you being abroad - people can rob your home!
Security
-There are new vulnerabilities. Cars are mobile! Maybe someone can log into your car and makes you crash? As more and more part of our lives depends on mobile technologies there is an increasing number of risks. First: admit that there are these risk and Second: try your best to mitigate them.
Behaviour
-mobile tech is changing our behaviour - 14Differences between wired and wireless connection
- 15Where is the innovation happening in mobile comp now?Context-awareness
- this technology has some kind of understand of what is going on around it. For example, knowing whetever its user is drunk for example
Obtain information from the environment and dynamically configure services
Ubiquitous computing = ?
- When Mobile computing becomes context aware
Wearable computing - 16What is Ubiquitous computing?Ubiquitous computing essentially computing embedded into everyday objects and environments, enhancing everyday activity, providing value without getting in the way.
All the things around you are smart, they can sense you. But they still look like everyday objects. For example a coffee cup senses that you are running out of coffee, talks to your coffee machine. - 17what is context aware computing?Situationally appropriate; apps adapting to context, increasing value to users
Using sensors and actuators to improve human-computer interaction and human-human and human-environment interaction - 18What are the difficulties in building context aware systems?Main challenge:
- Making sure you have the appropriate abstractions (development environment) library to make building stuff easier) for acquiring/using context
Lack of design principles
- you want to have the right design guideless to help you learn how to create these systems
Distributed context sensing
-more and more ways to collect/sense data about the environment - 19What is the main challenge for creating ubicomp?The main problem is:
How can you make the user feel the he/she is still in control? (but that technology is still doing everything - fridge ordering milk for example). What do you show the user to make them understand what and why its happening?
1. Information collected, synthesized and used implicitly
2. How do I know what’s going on? (feedback)
3. How do I change what’s going on? (control)
4.Who gets this information? (privacy)
5. Is this another way to SPAM me? (overload) - 20Types of context-aware apps1. Proactive Triggering
e.g. performing some interaction based on environmental perceptions (simple example: refrigerator. When you open the door - the lights comes on!)
2. Streamlining Interaction
Reducing irrelevant information - e.g. travel guide for current location (if you are hungry if you looking at a map - just show restaurant)
3.Memories for past events
Contextual retrieval, e.g. based on spatial or feature-based cues (finding photograph that you took from a certain place, or with a certain person I’m about to meet)
4. Reminders for future contexts
e.g. tagging details regarding current context for future access (I want to make a shopping list, and you want the app to tell you when you are close to the supermarket (before!!) and remind you of your list - contextually appropriate reminders)
5. Optimising patterns of behaviours
e.g. changing interface based on situation (from screen to text-to-voice) (example if Im jogging my device should switch to voice so I don’t have to look at the screen) - 21Types of context-aware systemsPassive context-aware systems
-New context is presented to the user, to inform them of change and then the user can decide what to do.
User can then explicitly determine if the use of an application should change
Examples
Context-based tagging (e.g. by camera)
App that tells you need milk and you are close to a supermarket
Active context-aware system
- Behaviour of the applications change automatically
Examples
Task filtering (e.g. information filtering, based on current wireless network speed)
Context-based task activation (e.g. routing)
Content adaptation (e.g. for people with disability)
Fridge that will order milk for you if you run out - it doesn't ask! - 22How do you deriving context from sensors? (low->high)New contexts can be created based on sensor data
Lower-level raw contexts may need to be processed into higher level contexts Example:
raw data from accelerometer which is processed/analysided to give higher level context.
...or absolute geo-location position should be converted into an address identification of a building
.. or a thermostat - electrical signal on a temperature gauge should be converted into a Celsius value
Often this abstraction is more useful (higher level context is more useful to people)
e.g. “this photo was taken at my parents home last christmas” (more useful than phone giving you GPS coordinates (for ex)) - 23Deriving context from other contexts (c1->c2)Some contexts can be derived from other contexts
-By combining several contextual cues, a better understanding of the context can be determined, than considering the cues in isolation
-The same cues might mean different things:
A user in front of a building may be admiring the architecture, or waiting for a friend. You can use additional sensors to decide what exactly is going on.
Good for implicit HCI - iHCI systems (how would my phone that I’m in a lecture for example)
e.g. knowing the current location, current time, and having access to the user’s calendar
i.e. waiting for a flight, in a meeting, or even en-route, but running late.
-Cues may be diverse in format
Currently over 100 location coordinate systems are in use
Need mechanisms to resolve diversity within open environments - 24Combining contexts (c1+c2)Combining several simpler contexts - Context Composition
-Deriving high-level context from lower-level ones:
e.g. by knowing someone’s weight and location, an identity may be derived
Deriving low-level contexts from higher-level ones:
e.g. a physical location may be derived from more general information such as the street name and building name given by a third party
Example: Combine a timer with a step counter and you have a calories sensor them and count calories based on time and steps. Now you have a calories sensor. You can also combine a calendar and the calories, to sense that maybe the user is on a diet? - 25What are topics within mobile computing?Information management:
-Location-based services
-Mobile data management (collecting data from mobile devices, storing it on the server etc)
Technologies:
-WPANs (Bluetooth), WLANs, WANs, RFID, GPS, ...
-Routing in MANETs, mobile IP, ...
Computing paradigm (how to we engineer mobile systems):
-Developing software for mobile devices
-UI design, thin/fat client, server based, peer to peer ... - 26Give example of ubiquitous computingApple Watch that alerts the user to a phone call and allows the call to be completed through the watch
- 27Give example of context aware applications-Tour guide (the application sensing which painting you are close to for example)
-Reminders based on your location
-Diary retrieval
A great example of context-awareness is how smartphones react to ambient light, adjusting their screen brightness for optimal readability.
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- Mobile comp Flashcards on Introduction - what is mobile, created by Emma Tysk on 31/10/2019.
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