20510263
Description
Flashcards by Nuria Nácher Soler, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Nuria Nácher Soler
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| PERCEPTION | Result of neural processes that organize and interpret information conveyed by sensory signals |
| PSYCHOPHYSICS | Studies the relationship between physical events and the corresponding experience of those events. Gustav Fechner |
| ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD | Amount of energy needed for a person to detect a stimulus |
| JUST-NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE/ DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD | Size of the difference in a stimulus characteristics needed for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli or a change in a single stimulus |
| WEBER´S LAW | The same percentage of a magnitude must be present in order to detect a difference between two stimuli |
| SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY | Distinguishes between sensitivity and bias. Based on the idea that signals are always embedded in noise, and thus the challenge is to distinguish signal from noise |
| CRITERION | The threshold the signal must exceed before you are willing to decide that you have seen the target |
| AMPLITUDE | Height of the peaks in a light wave or sound wave |
| FREQUENCY | The number of light waves or sound waves that move past a given point per second |
| WAVELENGTH | Distance between the arrival of peaks of a light wave or sound wave |
| TRANSDUCTION | Process in which physical energy is converted by a sensory receptor cell into neural signals |
| PUPIL | Opening in the eye where light enters/passes |
| CORNEA | Transparent covering over the eye that focuses light onto the back of the eye |
| LENS | Focusing of light |
| ACCOMODATION | Automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at particular distances, which occurs when muscles adjust the shape of the lens so it focuses incoming light toward the retina |
| RETINA | Sheet of tissue at the back of the eye containing cells that convert light to neural signals |
| FOVEA | Small, central region of the retina with the highest density of cones and the highest resolution |
| RODS | Rod-shaped retinal receptor cells that are very sensitive to light but register only shades of gray. Not found in the fovea |
| CONES | Cone-shaped retinal receptor cells that respond most strongly to one of three wavelenghts of light. They allow us to see color. Densest in the fovea |
| OPTIC NERVE | Bundle of axons carrying neural signals from the retina into the brain |
| BLIND SPOT | Place where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no visual receptors |
| DARK ADAPTATION | Process in which our sensitivity to light is increased after being in the dark |
| HUE | Different wavelenghts of light produce sensations of different colors |
| SATURATION | Deepness of the color, how little white is missed in whit it |
| LIGHTNESS | Amplitude of the light waves (how much light is present) |
| TRICHROMATIC THEORY OF VISION | Theory which states that the eye contains 3 kinds of color sensors, each most sensitive to a particular range of wavelenghts: long (red); medium (green); short (blue). The particular mix of responses of these sensors produce the sensation of a given hue |
| OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY OF COLOR VISION | Theory which states that for some pairs of colors, if one of the colors is present, it causes cells to inhibit sensing the complementary color. Red-greeen; yellow-blue; black-white |
| AFTERIMAGES | Image left behind by a previous perception |
| OPPONENT CELLS | Cells that respond to one color from a pair and inhibit sensing the other color from the pair |
| COLOR BLINDNESS | Acquired or inherited inability to distinguish two or more hues from each other or to sense hues at all |
| FIGURE | Set of perceptual characteristics that tipically corresponds to an object |
| GROUND | Background |
| PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY | Perception that characteristics of objects remain the same even when the sensory information striking the eyes changes |
| SIZE CONSTANCY | Perception that the actual size of an object remains the same even when it is viewed at different distances |
| SHAPE CONSTANCY | Perception that the actual shape of an object remains the same, even when it is seen from different points of view and so the image on the retina changes shape |
| COLOR CONSTANCY | Perception that the color of an object remains the same even when it is seen in different lighting conditions |
| BINOCULAR CUES | Cues to the distance of an object that arise from both eyes working together |
| CONVERGENCE | Degree to which the eyes sweivel toward the center (are crossed) when a person focuses attention on an object |
| RETINAL DISPARITY | Difference between the images stricking the retinas of the 2 eyes |
| MONOCULAR CUES | Cues that can be used for depth perception that involve using one eye |
| BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING | Processing based on incoming data |
| TOP-DOWN PROCESSING | Processing based on previous knowledge. Does not change how you see an object, but makes it easier to organize or interpret |
| CATEGORICAL SPATIAL RELATIONS | Specify relative positions with categories like "above", "beside", etc. Gives you a group of possible locations |
| COORDINATE SPATIAL RELATIONS | Specify continuous distances from your body or another object that serves as an "origin" of a coordinate space |
| ATTENTION | The act of focusing on particular information, which allows it to be processed more fully |
| SELECTIVE ATTENTION | Process of picking out and maintaining focus on a particular quality, object, or event, and ignoring other stimuli or characteristics of the stimuli |
| POP-OUT | Occurs when perceptual characteristics of a stimulus are sufficiently different from the ones around it that immediately or automatically (via bottom-up processing) comes to our attention |
| BLINDSIGHT | Visual perceptual processes cannot be at work, but we can still "see" |
| REPETITION BLINDNESS | Results because repeated stimuli are registered not as individual events but simply as a single "type" of event |
| CHANGE BLINDNESS | Not seeing large alterations of features as scenes change over time if those features are not of central intereset |
| ATTENTIONAL BLINK | A rebound period in which a person cannot pay attention to a second stimulus after having just paid attention to another one |
| PITCH | How high or low a sound seems |
| LOUDNESS | Level of an auditory stimulus/ strength of a sound |
| FREQUENCY THEORY | Theory which states that higher frequencies produce higher rates of neural firing |
| PLACE THEORY | Theory which states that different frequencies activate different places along the basilar membrane |
| CONDUCTION DEAFNESS | Caused by physical impairment of the outer or middle ear |
| NERVE DEAFNESS | Occurs when the hair cells are destroyed by loud sounds |
| SPEECH-SEGMENTATION PROBLEM | Problem of organizing a continuous stream of speech into separate parts that correspond to individual words |
| CATEGORICAL PERCEPTION | Automatically grouping sounds as members of distinct categories that correspond to the basic units of speech |
| PHONEMIC RESTORATION EFFECT | Part of the word was actually missing, but all the participants claimed that they actually heard the entire word and denied that the cough covered part of it. Some weren´t even sure that the cough occurred |
| COCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENON | The effect of not being aware of other people´s conversations until your name is mentioned and then suddenly hearing it |
| DICHOTIC LISTENING | Procedure in which participants hear different stimuli presented separately to each of the two ears and are instructed to listen only to sounds presented to one ear |
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