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| Question | Answer |
| Chartism | Centered on the belief that the problems of the working class could only be corrected by changes in the political organization of the country. |
| King Louis Phillipe | Became the king of France after leading the July Revolution. During his reign, there were a rise of censorship and banning of political meetings. Frenchs held political banquets to discuss the issues of the government. George Washington was invited to attend one of these banquets, but France's chief minister, Guizot, banned it, causing a 4 day revolt in Paris. Louis Phillipe abdicated on the first day and fled to Britain. |
| Frederick William IV | Prussian king, had promised moderate reforms for years but never made changes. A revolt broke out in Berlin and he ordered his troops to leave. He called for an election for a constitutional assembly, to create a constitution for Prussia. He later called back his troops and dissolved the assembly. Frederick William IV proceeded to created a similar constitution in Dec. 1848. It allowed for for personal rights and created a two-house legislature w/ universal male suffrage. He was offered the German throne, but he declined. |
| Napoleon III | France's first president. He was Napoleon's nephew, and after he was elected, he created a conservative government. He assumed dictatorial powers during a political crisis, and he declared himself as Emperor Napoleon III in 1852. |
| Common themes in the 1848 Revolts | They were disjointed with little cooperation. They were caused from the widespread dissatisfaction with political leaderships, and a surge in nationalism motivated citizens to demand democratic governments and other liberal reforms. |
| The "Hungry Forties" | The decade in which the revolts appeared, were known as the "Hungry Forties". The Irish potato famine of 1846 led to the death of 1 million people and the emigration of another million out of Ireland. |
| French political banquets | Under Louis Phillipe's rule, there were a rise in banning of political meetings, so the people found a different way to assemble. They began holding banquets, which were thinly veiled political gatherings. They scheduled to hold the biggest one in honor of George Washington, but Guizot, the French chief minister, banned the banquet. It led to the 4 day revolt in Paris and the eventual end to Louis Phillipe's reign. |
| Liberal vs. Radical ideas in France | The French Liberal wanted to focus on political issues, such as the expansion of suffrage. The Radicals, led by the socialist Louis Blanc, wanted social and economic changes. Their demands led to the creation of national workshops, the govt. paying the unemployed, which eventually ended. |
| Revolutionary Demands in Germany | The representatives from all the German states created the Frankfurt Parliament, which demanded for the unification of Germany. |
| Issues of the Frankfurt | The participants of the Parliament were politically inexperienced. They wanted to see a unified German state, but disagreed over whether it should be a monarchy or a republic. A dispute rose over the question f where to draw the border f the new Germany. There were two ideas: the Grossedeutsch or the Kleindeutsch. |
| The Grossedeutsch | The Grossedeutsch plan (Big Germany) wanted all German lands, including German sections of Austria and Bohemia, united under German rule. |
| The Kleindeutsch | The Kleindeutsch plan (Little Germany) thought the reasonable plan would be to include Prussia and the smaller German state. They settled on the Kleindeutsch and offered the German throne to William IV, but he refused. |
| Liberal Goals in Italy | The Italian liberals called for a war of unification. They wanted to kick out the Austrians in northern Italy and wanted liberal constitution. |
| Demands of the People's Charter of 1838 | Universal adult male suffrage, secret ballots, abolition of property requirements for Members of Parliament, payments to Members of Parliaments, equal electoral districts, and annual parliaments with yearly elections. |
| Reaction to the Charter in Britain | Chartists met for the scheduled presentation of the Charter to the House of COmmons. They planned to transform into a National Assembly if the petition is rejected. People were preparing for violence and Queen Victoria was sent out of the city for safety. The presentation was presented and everyone left peacefully. The House of Commons refused to even debate the issues. Revolution seemed likely for a brief period, but tempers calmed. Reforms eventually came in the early 20th century, passing 5 out of the 6 demands. |
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