Flashcards
Mat midterm 1
Cards in this deck (63)
- 1History of SteelCast Iron (3.4-4% carbon)-- precurser-- had more carbon
Bessemner process, etc. --> refinement and development of steel (reduced the amount of carbon
ex: crystal palace (cast Iron) - 2How much carbon is in steel<2% carbon
- 3history of heavy timberPrecurser: half-timbering,
pre-precurser: mill construction-- beams with crude connections mixed with masonry
ex: wattle and dob medieval buildings - 4histoy of wood light frameprecurser: baloon framing
--development of platform framing (same as wood light frame) for fireproofing-- walls and studs are only one story - 5Process of making foundations1. Soil conditions
2. excavation
3. material
4. waterproofing (also below frost level) - 6excavation methodsshoring--for constrained sites--prevents soil from collapsing in (ex: sheeting (bracing), slurry walls-- expensive) by adding temporary supports
sloped/benched (larger; terraced)-- easiest; for when there is a lot of room around the site - 7how thick is foundation wallat least 8"
- 8types of foundations1. shallow-- not a lot of excavation
2. deep
3. retaining wall - 9types of shallow foundationsLOCATE NEAR THE BASE OF THE BUIDLING
slab on grade (min 4")
wall with footings (8" min)
columns/piers (ex: farnsworth)
mat foundations - 10types of deep foundationscaisons-- drilled and then poured-- can have a footing ("belled caison")
piles-- driven-- usually driven in clusters--> pile cap - 11retaining wallfoundation open on one side-- usefull for creating different levels in the ground
--footing is asymmetrical "toe"--the larger part extends under the soil being retained-- used to combat tendency to overturn/slide
ex: getty villa - 12contrustion of wood light frame lumberplainsawing-- used to cut lengthwise a tree into dimensional lumber
quartersawwing-- log is cut into quarters and creates a more finished final product - 13sizes of wood light framenominal vs. actual size (2-6 rule)
- 14Sheathing (wood light frame)plywood that resists lateral load, overturning, racking (tilting)
--attach finish materials to
(4'x8'x.75in) - 15Sill platebolted to the top of foundation wall (wood light framing)
- 16sole plateon top of the joists and the studs attatch to it (happens on every level)
- 17double top plateon top of the wall/studs (wood light framing) that the next platform sits on
- 18parts of wood light framing systemsheathing
joists
rafters
sole plate
sill plate
studs
double top plate
--pieces can be connected with steel or nailed together - 19advatages of wood light frameadaptable to form
easy to construct
cheaper
readily available
platforms easy working space
plethera of members --> redundancy--> protects from failure of a single piece - 20disadvantages of wood light frame--fire--> has to be covered
--rotting - 21Heavy timber member construction1. sawed from trees-- max span 20-30'
2. Engineered
AT LEAST 5X5in to be considered heavy timber
ex: Sea Ranch by Moore
--naming: always subtract 0.5, no matter the size, to find actual size
--columns-- usually square
beams-- rectangular-- (width 1/3 to 1/2 of depth)
bolted together? - 22Engineered timber1. Glue-lam-- stacked and glued dimmentional lumber-- allows for larger span than sawed-- can be made into curves
--ex: Luis Vitton foundation by Ghery
3. cross-laminated- laminated (CLT) members are glued perpendiciular in layers-- created a board
ex; stadhouse london
3. parallam (PSL) --bonds long, narrow members under heat and pressure - 23Max span of heavy timber trusspitched: 40'-150'
--flat trusses less stong: 40'-120' - 24heavy timber two-way system memberstwo-way stystem: primary components= girders
secondary: beams
tirtiary= purlins (typically part of roof or truss) - 25How to make steel1. iron is heated to melting point
2. Bessemer, etc. processes introduce Iron to reduce carbon levels
3. alloys can be added
4. rolled into shape or poured into casts - 26plate girderbuilt up of premade
- 27shapes of steelwide-flange
built-up (trusees, open web joists, ??--used for longer spans
??? - 28how are steel members attatched1. bolting
2. welding - 29pros/cons of steelpros: best for large, open spaces, honest expression, modular/standardized, strong in tension, can be built up to increase strength
cons: needs fireproofing (encased in concrete/tile, etc.) if > 2 stories, rust (prevented by alloy treatment (ex: stainless steel) or cortin) - 30cortinpre-rusted steel that prevents further corrosion
ex; john deer headquarters - 31How does soil influence foundationsdesire for uniform settlement
Rock/gravel/sand -- most stable/predictable
organic soil/clays-- less stable - 32tie beamsfoundation column footings linked together at their end below gound
-- resists lateral load from earthquakes - 33methods of waterproofingmaterials: waterproof membrane, pipes, gravel backfill, vapor barrier, drain tile
design: slope soil away from building, depth - 34types of piles1. end bearing pile-- driven deep enough to reach a solid material
2. friction pile
--driven in clusters and joined at the surface with a pile cap, which distributes the load - 35Pressure treated lumberwater resistant
--truns green - 36process for building light wood frames1. foundation-- wood good for cold (if pressure treated)
2. platform (sill, joists (subfloor), sole plate)
3. wall framing (studs, double top plate, sheathing, shear walls, double up perpendicular members with openings (lintel?))
4. Roof (rafters, sheathing--> finished materials) - 37types of rafters (wood?)jack-- don't go full length
hip-- major shape of the roof that jack rafters connect to - 38Frank gehrybreaking up of large volumes with smaller volumes made of rough materials (corrugated steel, exposed studs)-- refined with style over time
--ex: Billy at Bengston LACMA, Danzinger Studio, Davis Studio, Famillian residence, SM residence
--influenced by ferus gallery - 39Timber beam depthSolid timber: L/15
Glu-lam: L/20 - 40Timber flooringSolid wood decking-- boards attatched to work together
1. Simple span-- one layer, one directional
2. double span-- most efficient structurally
3. continuous-- use of random lengths, structurally good, reduces waste
--roof decking works the same - 41methods of attaching steel1. bolting-- quick, can be taken appart, but not at strong laterally
2. Welding--> structural continuity, good for lateral laods - 42Meis Phase 1EUROPEAN MODERNISM-- materiality and abstraction
--Barcelona Pavillion-- steel allows for
abstract modern shape
--focus on spatial conditions
--columns symbols of suport-- structure not fully revealed (cross-shaped, covered in steal)
--see also: tugendat --> farnsworth - 43Mies Phase 2AMERICAN MODERNISM-- structure is dominant
--columns: structural column has decorative one tacked on to express structure
--see also: IIT Crown hall-- structure not concealed at all - 44Mies Phase 3CULMINATION-- UNIVERSAL MONUMENTALITY-- combination of 1 & 2
--Neue Nationalgalerie: synthesis of his ideas by providing clarity between structural/spatial elements via consideration of material and structure
--almost totally exposed structure
--columns: 2 intersecting pieces, very large, tapers - 45Grade Beamconcrete beam that sits on top of footing (columns?) --transmits the load from a bearing wall into foundation such as pile caps or caissons.
--prevents sliding and maintains uniform settlement. - 46BracesUsed in shoring excavation to hold a temporary retaining wall in place
--Two types: crosslot (spans entire hole) and rakers (diagonal) - 47Tie backsused in shoring excavation with an open space-- steel cables are affixed to hold back sheeting
- 48Post and Beam Constructionuses large wood members (larger than typical dimmentional) so that fewer suport pieces/loadbearring walls are needed--> open space
--less fancy joinery than Timber framing - 49Braced Framewood light framing (wall?) with diagonal members
--strong against lateral forces - 50Rim/Band Joistruns around the perimeter of floor joists
- 51subflooringlaid on top of the joists; what the finished flooring is attached to
--usually 4x8 plywood - 52tyeps of studsKing-- go the full length from floor to ceiling
Jack-- vertical sides of window framing that are nailed to king studs
cripple--do not go the full length (under a window) - 53Window framingDouble up members on all side of openings (wood)
--Header-- thick piece on top
--jack studs-- sides
--rough sill-- bottom (doubled up)
--cripples-- support rough sill (short studs) - 54Blocking(light wood framing)
addition of horizontal pieces between studs
--extra stability
--affix hardware - 55oriented strand boardsimilar to plyood but made differently; wood strands are glued and compressed for maximum stiffness
--sub-flooring and sheathing - 56VeneerVery thin (1/8") wood
(1) Rotary sliced-- cheapest, least pretty
(2) Sliced
(3) sawn - 57flitch beamengineered beam type-- built up and bolted together
--reduces sag and creep - 58ChanelC-shaped steel beam that is not as strong as a regular beam (light gauge steel)
--atatched by L-shaped angle clips? - 59Open web steel joistlightweight welded steel truss used at closely spaced intervals to support floor or roof decking
--Eames House - 60Box trussA common steel truss type that has similar size to a wide flange beam but has significantly higher structural stability
- 61span of steel beams20'-36'
(spaced 6'-15') - 62types of connections for steel/timbering1. moment (rigid frame)-- plate welded to the beam flanges (wide part on either end) to resist moment
2. shear (simple frame)-- resist only shear and are free to rotate under gravity load-- attatched at middle part of beam--need additional lateral supports
3. Semi-rigid-- combination of previous two - 63bearing blockanchored to the sides of columns for beams to rest on (timber)
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- Flashcards on Mat midterm 1, created by Erin Light on 24/02/2020.
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