210290
Description
Flashcards by lmhatchard, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by lmhatchard
over 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| individual differences | the way in which factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individual to another. |
| interactional psychology | the psychological approach that emphasizes that in order to understand human behaviour, we must know something about the person and the situation. |
| personality | a relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual's behaviour. |
| integrative approach | the broad theory that describes personality as a composite of an individual's psychological processes. |
| core self-evaluation (CSE) | the positiveness of one's self-concept; comprises locus of control, self-esteem, self-efficacy and emotional stability. |
| locus of control | an individual's generalized belief about internal control (self-control) versus external control (control by the situation or others). |
| general self-efficacy | an individual's general belief that he or she is capable of meeting job demands in a wide variety of situations. |
| self-esteem | an individual's general feeling of self-worth. |
| self-monitoring | the extent to which people base their behaviour on cues from other people and situations. |
| positive affect | an individual's tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general. |
| negative affect | an individual's tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general. |
| strong situation | a situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behaviour. |
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator instrument | an instrument developed to measure Carl Jung's theory of individual differences. |
| extraversion | a preference indicating that an individual is energized by interaction with other people. |
| introversion | a preference indicating that an individual is energized by time alone. |
| sensing | gathering information through the five senses. |
| intuition | gathering information through a "sixth sense" and focusing on what could be rather than what actually exists. |
| thinking | making decisions in a logical, objective fashion. |
| feeling | making decisions in a personal, value-oriented way. |
| judging | preferring closure and completion in making decisions. |
| perceiving | preferring to explore many alternatives and flexibility. |
| social perception | the process of interpreting information about another person. |
| discounting principle | the assumption that an individual's behaviour is accounted for by the situation. |
| selective perception | the process of selecting information that supports our individual viewpoints while discounting information that threatens our viewpoints. |
| stereotype | a generalization about a group of people. |
| first-impression error | the tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions. |
| recency effect | the tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events. |
| contrast effect | the tendency to diminish or enhance the measure of one target through comparison with another recently observed target. |
| projection | overestimating the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviours. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | the situation in which our expectations about people affect our interaction with them in such a way that our expectations are fulfilled. |
| impression management | the process by which individuals try to control the impressions others have of them. |
| attribution theory | a theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behaviour and that of others. |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else's behaviour. |
| self-serving bias | the tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes. |
| consensus | an informational cue indicating the extent to which peers in the same situation behave in a similar fashion. |
| distinctiveness | an informal cue indicating the degree to which an individual behaves the same way in other situations. |
| consistency | an informational cue indicating the frequency of behaviour over time. |
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