Flashcards
GEG306 - Chapter 7 - Part 1
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1Censusinterviews every person or every household
-used for taxation among other things - 2Surveyinterviews a sample of persons or households
- 3Why SampleLess Time, cost, and effort.
Population may be infinite .
Census is outdated.
Small Budget - 4Booth studypoverty in London, but he had no standardized questions, no random sampling, but did summarize results quantitatively (1900)
- 5Standardized Questioning Rensis LikertRensis Likert and 5 scaled answers (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) are introduced (1932)
- 6Probability samples(every census record had a known nonzero chance of selection into the sample): was what we would today call a systematic random sample (every nth survey)
- 7Survey Modesmailed (1970)
telephone (1990)
computer (Now) - 8sampling framea list of the items or people forming a population from which a sample is taken.
- 9George Galluppredicted that Roosevelt would beat Landon in 1936 using quota sampling and correctly predicted the 1936, 1940, and 1944 elections
- 10JournalsPublic Opinion Quarterly
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Survey Methodology
Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association - 11OrganizationsAmerican Statistical Association (ASA)
American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
International Association for Survey Statisticians (IASS)
Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO) - 12Non-Probability SamplesNo attempt is made to attain a random sample
Inferential statistics cannot really be used
Use when you cannot possibly develop a probability sample
In a report on such research, one must be very careful to state its limitations: You do not know if the results are generalizable - 13Non-Probability Samples Convenience or haphazard samplePerson-on-the-street interviews
Use of students in a class
Cannot generalize at all - 14Non-Probability Samples quota samplescollect individuals to make the samples look like the population
Post-survey stratification (weights) are used in non-probability samples to make things “meet the quota - 15Non-Probability Samples Purposive or Judgmental sampleused to test procedures in a Pilot Survey so select respondents likely to represent the various population subgroups in the Main Survey
Interview opinion leaders (key informant interviews)
Select people to interview because they represent a deviant (minority) case - 16Non-Probability Samples Snowball Sample(RDS or Respondent Driven Sampling)
Want to interview Jamaicans in Miami-Dade County, so you start with a list of the Jamaica Club and ask at the end for the first names and phone numbers of other Jamaicans (chain referral) - 17Non-Probability Samples Volunteer SamplesPolls on TV where people call in to answer a question
Polls via twitter
Surveys printed in a newspaper and mailed in
Surveys sent to people via email with a link (unless it is a random sample of people from a list)
Only really interested parties will respond - 18Probability Sample Errors BiasIf a sample is biased, it means it is not typical or representative of the larger population
- 19Probability Sample Errors Sampling Erroris the difference between the actual value we would obtain from the population (a population parameter) and the value we obtain from a sample (a sample statistic)
- 20Probability Sample Errors Non-Sampling Errorsarise in the acquisition, recording, and editing of data
- 21Probability Sample Errors Sampling Biasis introduced if the sample is biased toward some group
- 22Probability Sample Errors Non-Response Biasintroduced by respondents who refuse to participate
- 23Probability Sample Errors Item Non-Responsewhen a respondent refuses to answer a specific question (income, age, etc.)
- 24Probability Sample EPSEM Equal Probability of Selection MethodFor a sample to be random, all elements in the population have to be selected with an Equal Probability of Selection Method (EPSEM) (can violate this, but then correct with weights)
almost never attained - 25Probability Sample elementelement in a population is the unit we interview: a person, a family, a club, a corporation, also known as a sampling unit
- 26Probability Sample populationthe group about which we aim to make generalizations
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- Flashcards on GEG306 - Chapter 7 - Part 1, created by Bob Harold on 27/02/2020.
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