215129
Description
Flashcards by travel_bug, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by travel_bug
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Three basic functions of NERVOUS TISSUE | - sensing changes with sensory receptors (fullness of stomach or sun on face) - interpreting & remembering those changes - reacting to those changes with effectors (muscular contractions & glandular secretions) |
| Ganglia: definition | small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies |
| Ganglia: location | Outside of the brain & spinal cord |
| Enteric plexuses: definition | extensive network of neurons that help regulate the digestive system |
| Enteric plexuses: location | in the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract |
| Sensory receptor: definition | structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment |
| somatic nervous system: sensory neuron functions | convey info to the CNS from: 1. somatic receptors in the HEAD, BODY WALL, and LIMBS 2. receptors for the special SENSES of vision, hearing, taste, and smell |
| somatic nervous system: motor neuron functions | conduct impulses from the CNS to the SKELETAL MUSCLES only. Can be consciously controlled. The action of this part of the PNS is VOLUNTARY. |
| Autonomic nervous system: Sensory neuron functions | convey info from autonomic sensory receptors, located primarily in visceral organs such as stomach and lungs, to the CNS |
| Autonomic nervous system: motor neuron functions | conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
| What are the 2 branches of the motor part of the ANS? | The SYMPATHETIC division and the PARASYMPATHETIC division. With a few exceptions, effectors receive nerves from both divisions, and usually the 2 divisions have opposing actions. Eg. sympathetic increase heart rate; parasympathetic slow it down. |
| Sensory neurons of the ENS: functions | monitor chemical changes within the GI tract as well as the stretching of its walls |
| Enteric Nervous System: motor neuron functions | Govern: 1. contraction of GI tract smooth muscle to propel food through the GI tract 2. secretions of the GI tract organs such as acid from the stomach 3. activity of GI tract endocrine cells, which secrete hormones. |
| Peripheral Nervous System PNS: function | Connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors |
| Explain the electrical excitability of neurons | The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential |
| Stimulus: definition | any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential |
| Action potential (nerve impulse): definition | an electrical signal that travels along the surface of the membrane of a neuron |
| What generates an action potential? | The movement of ions such as sodium and potassium between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron |
| Nissl bodies: definition | Prominent clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by free ribosomes |
| Ribosomes: function | Protein synthesis |
| Nissl bodies: function | Synthesises proteins which are used: - to replace cellular components - as material for growth of neurons - to regenerate damaged axons in PNS |
| Neurofibrils | Bundles of intermediate filaments located in the cytoskeleton that provide the cell shape & support |
| Microtubules | Assist in moving materials between the cell body and axon |
| Lipofuscin | A pigment that occurs as clumps of yellowish brown granules in the cytoplasm of aging neurons. It is a product of lysosomes. |
| Dendrites | The receiving or input portions of a neuron. The plasma membranes of dendrites contain numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messengers from other cells. |
| Axon: function | Propagates nerve impulses toward: - another neuron - a muscle fiber - a gland cell |
| Axon hillock | Cone shaped elevation where the axon joins to the cell body. |
| Initial segment | The part of the axon closest to the axon hillock. |
| Axon contains: | Mitochondria, microtubules & neurofibrils Because rough ER is not present, protein synthesis does not occur in axon. |
| Synapse | The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell |
| Slow axonal transport | Conveys new axoplasm in one direction only - from cell body towards axon terminals. Movement at 1-5mm per day. |
| Fast axonal transport | Uses proteins that function as "motors" to move organelles & materials along the surfaces of microtubules, in both directions, for use or for recycling. Movement is 200-400mm per day |
| Fast axonal transport & disease | Harmful agents such as tetanus toxin and the viruses that cause rabies, herpes & polio, all enter the neuron at the axon terminal and are moved to the cell body via fast axonal transport. More serious if wound is in head or neck due to shorter transit time. |
| Unipolar neurons: development | - Begin in the embryo as bipolar - During development, the dendrites & axon fuse together & become a single process |
| Unipolar neurons: Dendrites function | - sensory receptors that detect a sensory stimulus such as a touch, pressure, pain or thermal stimuli |
| Unipolar neurons: cell body location | In the ganglia of spinal & cranial nerves |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons | Transport sensory info from skin, muscles, joints, sense organs & viscera to the CNS |
| Motor (efferent) neurons | Send motor nerve impulses AWAY from the CNS, to muscles & glands in the PNS, via cranial or spinal nerves |
| Interneurons (association neurons) | Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the CNS - make up 90% of neurons in body |
| Myelination: definition | When axons are surrounded by a multilayered lipid & protein covering (myelin sheath) |
| Myelination: function | The sheath electrically insulates the axon & increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction. |
| Neurolemma: location | Found only around axons in the PNS |
| Neurolemma: function | When an axon is injured, the neurolemma aids regeneration by forming a regeneration tube that guides & stimulates regrowth of the axon |
| Location of cytoplasm & nucleus in schwann cells | Forms outermost layer of neurolemma (inner portion being the myelin sheath) |
| Gray matter contains... | - nerve cell bodies - dendrites - axon terminals - unmyelinated axons - neuroglia |
| White matter contains... | Myelinated processes (white in colour) |
| Gray matter locations | - H shaped inner core in the spinal cord, surrounded by white matter - thin outer shell covers the surface of the brain & also found in clusters called nuclei inside the CNS |
| White matter locations | - surrounds a H shaped inner core of gray matter in the spinal cord - inner core of the brain, surrounded by gray matter |
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