217962
Description
Flashcards by travel_bug, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by travel_bug
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Lipids contain... | fatty acids or a steroid nucleus |
| Lipids: properties | - soluble in organic solvents (eg acetone) but NOT in water |
| Triacylglycerols/fats | triesters fromed between glycerol and 3 long chain fatty acids - solid & mostly animal fats |
| waxes | esters formed between saturated fatty acids and long chain alcohols |
| Saturated fatty acids: properties | - molecules fit closely together in a regular pattern - strong attractions between fatty acid chains - high melting points that make them solids at room temperature |
| Classification of fatty acids | - saturated fatty acids contain only SINGLE bonds - unsaturated fatty acids contain cis C=C bonds - trans fatty acids have trans C=C bond |
| Unsaturated fatty acids: properties | - have nonlinear chains that do not allow molecules to pack closely - have low melting points - are liquids at room temperature |
| Prostaglandins contain... | 20 C atoms in their fatty acid chains, derived from arachidonic acid |
| Prostaglandins are: | - produced by injured tissues - involved in pain, fever and inflammation - not produced when anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin inhibit their synthesis |
| Olestra is... | - used in foods as an artificial fat - sucrose linked by ester bonds to several long-chain fatty acids - not broken down in the intestinal tract |
| Hydrogenation converts... | converts double bonds in oils to single bonds by adding hydrogen |
| Hydrogenation produces... | solid shortening, margarine, and other products |
| Hydrolysis | Triacylglycerols are split into glycerol and 3 fatty acids by water in the presence of an acid, a base, or an enzyme catalyst |
| Soaps are: | salts of fatty acids |
| Saponification | A reaction in which a tricylglycerol reacts with a strong base |
| Glycerophospholipids contain... | A glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acids at C1 & C2, and a phosphorylated alcohol attached at C3 |
| Glycerophospholipids: examples & locations | - Lecithin & Cephalin - Abundant in brain & nerve tissues - Found in egg yolk, wheat germ & yeast |
| Sphingolipids are: | phospholipids that have an amide bond between a fatty acid and sphingosine (an 18 C alcohol) |
| Glycosphingolipids contain | monosaccharides bonded to the -OH of sphingosine by a glycosidic bond |
| Cerebrosides contain | only one monosaccharide |
| Steroids are... | lipids containing the steroid nucleus, which is a fused structure of four rings |
| Steroids: location | found in cholesterol, bile salts, hormones, and vitamin D |
| Cholesterol is a component of... | cellular membranes, myelin sheaths, and brain & nerve tissues |
| Cholesterol is composed of... | the steroid nucleus with methyl CH3 groups, an alkyl chain, and a hydroxyl group attached |
| Sterols serve as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones such as... | - sex hormones (estrogen) - adrenocorticoids (cortisol) which regulate immunity - vitamin D (cholecalciferol) - bile salts (glycocholate) which are required for emulsification of fats |
| Sterols are transported in the blood in the form of... | High density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) |
| Cholesterol is considered elevated if... | plasma cholesterol exceeds 200-220mg/dL |
| Cholesterol is synthesised where? | In the liver and also obtained from foods |
| Why are lipoproteins soluble in water? | Because the surface consists of polar lipids |
| How do lipoproteins differ? | In density, composition, and function |
| LDLs function | transport cholesterol to tissues to be used for the synthesis of cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile salts |
| Why is LDL the "bad" cholesterol? | When the level of LDL exceeds the amount of cholesterol needed by the tissues, the LDLs deposit cholesterol in the arteries, which can restrict blood flow & increase the risk of heart attacks |
| HDLs function | Remove excess cholesterol from the tissues and carry it to the liver where it is converted to bile salts and eliminated. |
| Where are bile salts synthesised and stored? | Synthesised from cholesterol Stored in the gall bladder |
| Bile salts: function | Emulsify fats and oils to give a greater surface area for lipid digesting enzymes |
| Examples of bile salts | Sodium glycocholate Taurocholate |
| Gallstones are formed when... | large amounts of cholesterol accumulate in the gallbladder |
| Gallstones are composed of... | almost 100% cholesterol, with some calcium salts, fatty acids, and glycerophospholipids |
| Adrenal Cortiscosteroids are produced... | By adrenal glands located on the top of each kidney |
| Examples of adrenal corticosteroids | - Aldosterone which regulates electrolytes and water balance by the kidneys - Cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver |
| Anabolic steroids are derivatives of | testosterone |
| Anabolic steroids are used to... | illegally increase muscle mass |
| Anabolic steroids side effects | - fluid retention - hair growth - sleep disturbance - liver damage |
| What is the major dietary monounsaturated fatty acid? | Oleic acid (olive oil) |
| Lecithin functions | - one of the major phospholipids in cell membranes - most commonly used food emulsifier |
| Oxygenation causes what? | Rancidity |
| Oxygenation results in... | one oxygen per pair of C |
| Omega 3 example | Linolenic acid |
| Omega 6 example | Linoleic acid |
| Omega 9 example | Oleic acid |
| Glycosphingolipids examples | - gangliosides - cerebrosides |
| VLDL function | transport of endogenous triglycerides (bad cholesterol) |
| Chylomicron function | Transport of dietary triglycerides |
| Alkylosis & Acidosis: definition | - blood pH outside 7.35-7.45 - increased acidity = increased hydrogen - reduced acidity (more alkaline) = reduced hydrogen - interferes with oxygen transport |
| Peptides & Polypeptides contain | peptides = less than 10 amino acids polypeptides = more than 10 |
| Are steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | Hydrophobic |
| Are protein hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophilic |
| Thiols can contain... | disulfide bonds eg. keratin and casein |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain.. | two or more double bonds |
| In the type O cell membrane of the red blood cell in humans, the red blood cell surface has | A trisaccharide |
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